Genetic Diversity in the Capsid Protein-Coding Region of HIV-1 Circulating in Benguela, Angola: Implications for Primary Resistance to the Novel Capsid Inhibitor Lenacapavir
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. FTA® Card Disc Preparation
2.3. Nested PCR and Sequencing of the Capsid-Encoding Region
2.4. Sequence Editing and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Epidemiological Analysis of the Sample Group
3.2. Phylogenetic Characterisation of the Sequences
3.3. Resistance Analysis to LEN
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sequence 5′–3′ | Location (in HXB2) | CA-Encoding Region (in HXB2) | |
---|---|---|---|
Outer primers | CA_S1 GAS ATA AAA GAC ACC AAG GAA GC | 1066–1088 | 1186–1879 |
CA_AS1 CAT TTC CAA CAG CCC TTT TTC C | 2015–2036 | ||
Inner primers | CA_S2 GCA GCA GCT GMC ACA GG | 1141–1157 | |
CA_AS2 CCT AAA ATT GCY TCT CTG CAT C | 1920–1941 |
Sequence 5′–3′ | Location (in HXB2) | CA-Encoding Region (in HXB2) |
---|---|---|
3MA-F2 CAG TAG CAA YCC TCT ATT GTG TRC | 1031–1054 | 1186–1879 |
5NC-R CCT AGG GGC CCT GCA ATT T | 1998–2016 |
LEN Resistance Mutations (Validated) | Polymorphisms of Unknown Effect (Stanford HIVdb) | Literature-Reported Mutations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Stanford HIVdb | IAS-USA | ANRS-MIE | ||
L56I | L56I | L56I | T107A/C/S | S41A [24] |
N57S | M66I | M66I | E45A [7] | |
M66I | Q67H | Q67H/K/N | Q67A [25] | |
Q67H/K/N/Y | K70H/N/R/S | K70H/N/R/S | L172I [24] | |
K70H/N/R/S | N74D/S | N74D/H/K/S | E180A [7] | |
N74D/K/S | A105T | A105S/T | T200I [26] | |
A105E/S/T | T107N | T107C/N | ||
T107C/N |
Characteristics | |
---|---|
Age (years) | |
Mean (Min–Max) | 39 (0–80) |
Sex (%) | |
Female | 54 |
Male | 39 |
Unspecified | 7 |
Marital status (%) | |
Single | 36 |
Married | 35 |
Divorced | 12 |
Widowed | 10 |
Unspecified | 7 |
Education level (%) | |
No education | 28 |
Primary education | 31 |
Secondary education | 28 |
Higher education | 6 |
Unspecified | 7 |
Previous STIs (%) | |
Yes | 12 |
No | 42 |
Does not know/Did not answer | 46 |
Present STI co-infection (%) | |
Syphilis | 9 |
HBV | 7 |
Syphilis + HBV | 1 |
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Queirós, G.; Yefimenko, L.; Pereira, F.M.; Piedade, J. Genetic Diversity in the Capsid Protein-Coding Region of HIV-1 Circulating in Benguela, Angola: Implications for Primary Resistance to the Novel Capsid Inhibitor Lenacapavir. Viruses 2025, 17, 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050711
Queirós G, Yefimenko L, Pereira FM, Piedade J. Genetic Diversity in the Capsid Protein-Coding Region of HIV-1 Circulating in Benguela, Angola: Implications for Primary Resistance to the Novel Capsid Inhibitor Lenacapavir. Viruses. 2025; 17(5):711. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050711
Chicago/Turabian StyleQueirós, Gonçalo, Lesya Yefimenko, Filomena M. Pereira, and João Piedade. 2025. "Genetic Diversity in the Capsid Protein-Coding Region of HIV-1 Circulating in Benguela, Angola: Implications for Primary Resistance to the Novel Capsid Inhibitor Lenacapavir" Viruses 17, no. 5: 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050711
APA StyleQueirós, G., Yefimenko, L., Pereira, F. M., & Piedade, J. (2025). Genetic Diversity in the Capsid Protein-Coding Region of HIV-1 Circulating in Benguela, Angola: Implications for Primary Resistance to the Novel Capsid Inhibitor Lenacapavir. Viruses, 17(5), 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050711