Emerging Arboviral Diseases in Pakistan: Epidemiology and Public Health Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiological Trends of Arboviral Diseases in Pakistan: Mosquito-Borne and Tick-Borne Infections
2.1. Epidemiological Trends of Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Pakistan
2.1.1. Dengue Fever
2.1.2. Chikungunya Virus
2.1.3. West Nile Virus (WNV)
2.1.4. Japanese Encephalitis (JE)
2.1.5. Zika Virus (ZIKV)
2.2. Epidemiological Trends of Tick-Borne Diseases in Pakistan
2.2.1. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV)
2.2.2. Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV): An Emerging Health Threat in Pakistan
2.2.3. Tamdy Virus (TAMV) and Karshi Virus (KSIV)
Arbovirus | Year | Reported Cases | Reported Deaths | Case Fatality Rate % | Vectors | Host Species | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dengue Fever (DENV) | 1994–2024 | 134985 | 360 | 0.26 | A. aegypti & A. albopictus | Humans, Buffaloes, Rodents, Sheep, Cattle | [2,22,25] |
Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) | 1983–2018 | 31771 | - | - | A. aegypti & A. albopictus | Humans, Rodents | [30,31,32] |
West Nile Virus (WNV) | 1980–2024 | 398 | 1 | 0.25 | B. pipiens & C. quinquefasciatus | Human, horses | [41,42,44] |
Japanese Encephalitis (JE) | 1980–2018 | 28 | 9 | 32.14 | C. tritaeniorhynchus. | Humans | [49,50,51] |
Zika Virus (ZIKV) | 2021–2024 | 86 | - | - | A. aegypti & A. albopictus | Humans, livestock | [53,55,86] |
Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTSV) | 2020–2024 | 900 | - | - | - | Humans, livestock | [57,86] |
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) | 1976–2024 | 1314 | 247 | 18.79 | H. anatolicum H. marginatum H. dromedarii Rhipicephalus Spp. | Humans, Cattle, Sheep, goat | [72,77,86] |
Tamdy Virus (TAMV) | 2019–2014 | 32 | - | - | - | Humans | [86] |
Karshi Virus (KSIV) | 2019–2014 | 8 | - | - | - | Humans | [86] |
3. Discussion
4. Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ammar, M.; Moaaz, M.; Yue, C.; Fang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Shen, S.; Deng, F. Emerging Arboviral Diseases in Pakistan: Epidemiology and Public Health Implications. Viruses 2025, 17, 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020232
Ammar M, Moaaz M, Yue C, Fang Y, Zhang Y, Shen S, Deng F. Emerging Arboviral Diseases in Pakistan: Epidemiology and Public Health Implications. Viruses. 2025; 17(2):232. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020232
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmmar, Muhammad, Muhammad Moaaz, Chaoxiong Yue, Yaohui Fang, Yanfang Zhang, Shu Shen, and Fei Deng. 2025. "Emerging Arboviral Diseases in Pakistan: Epidemiology and Public Health Implications" Viruses 17, no. 2: 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020232
APA StyleAmmar, M., Moaaz, M., Yue, C., Fang, Y., Zhang, Y., Shen, S., & Deng, F. (2025). Emerging Arboviral Diseases in Pakistan: Epidemiology and Public Health Implications. Viruses, 17(2), 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020232