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Volume 16
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10.3390/v16091484
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Review

New Therapies and Strategies to Curb HIV Infections with a Focus on Macrophages and Reservoirs

by
Maria Marra
1,
Alessia Catalano
2,*,
Maria Stefania Sinicropi
1,
Jessica Ceramella
1,
Domenico Iacopetta
1,
Romina Salpini
3,
Valentina Svicher
3,
Stefania Marsico
1,
Stefano Aquaro
1 and
Michele Pellegrino
1
1
Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
2
Department of Pharmacy—Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
3
Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091484
Submission received: 31 July 2024 / Revised: 12 September 2024 / Accepted: 16 September 2024 / Published: 18 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Roles of Macrophages in Viral Infections)
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Abstract

More than 80 million people worldwide have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There are now approximately 39 million individuals living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although treatments against HIV infection are available, AIDS remains a serious disease. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), also known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), consists of treatment with a combination of several antiretroviral drugs that block multiple stages in the virus replication cycle. However, the increasing usage of cART is inevitably associated with the emergence of HIV drug resistance. In addition, the development of persistent cellular reservoirs of latent HIV is a critical obstacle to viral eradication since viral rebound takes place once anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is interrupted. Thus, several efforts are being applied to new generations of drugs, vaccines and new types of cART. In this review, we summarize the antiviral therapies used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS, both as individual agents and as combination therapies, and highlight the role of both macrophages and HIV cellular reservoirs and the most recent clinical studies related to this disease.
Keywords: cART; HAART; antiretroviral therapy; HIV; AIDS; macrophages; HIV reservoirs; reverse transcriptase inhibitors; protease inhibitors; entry inhibitors; integrase inhibitors cART; HAART; antiretroviral therapy; HIV; AIDS; macrophages; HIV reservoirs; reverse transcriptase inhibitors; protease inhibitors; entry inhibitors; integrase inhibitors

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MDPI and ACS Style

Marra, M.; Catalano, A.; Sinicropi, M.S.; Ceramella, J.; Iacopetta, D.; Salpini, R.; Svicher, V.; Marsico, S.; Aquaro, S.; Pellegrino, M. New Therapies and Strategies to Curb HIV Infections with a Focus on Macrophages and Reservoirs. Viruses 2024, 16, 1484. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091484

AMA Style

Marra M, Catalano A, Sinicropi MS, Ceramella J, Iacopetta D, Salpini R, Svicher V, Marsico S, Aquaro S, Pellegrino M. New Therapies and Strategies to Curb HIV Infections with a Focus on Macrophages and Reservoirs. Viruses. 2024; 16(9):1484. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091484

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marra, Maria, Alessia Catalano, Maria Stefania Sinicropi, Jessica Ceramella, Domenico Iacopetta, Romina Salpini, Valentina Svicher, Stefania Marsico, Stefano Aquaro, and Michele Pellegrino. 2024. "New Therapies and Strategies to Curb HIV Infections with a Focus on Macrophages and Reservoirs" Viruses 16, no. 9: 1484. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091484

APA Style

Marra, M., Catalano, A., Sinicropi, M. S., Ceramella, J., Iacopetta, D., Salpini, R., Svicher, V., Marsico, S., Aquaro, S., & Pellegrino, M. (2024). New Therapies and Strategies to Curb HIV Infections with a Focus on Macrophages and Reservoirs. Viruses, 16(9), 1484. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091484

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