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Volume 15
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10.3390/v15040986
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Article

Elevated Antibody Titers to Epstein–Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus in Patients with Drug-Induced Lupus

by
Julie Knudsen
1,
Nicole Hartwig Trier
2,
Anette Holck Draborg
2,
Christoffer Tandrup Nielsen
3,4,
Søren Jacobsen
4,
Peter Højrup
1 and
Gunnar Houen
1,2,*
1
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
2
Department of Autoimmunity, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
3
Copenhagen Research Center for Autoimmune Connective Tissue Diseases, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
4
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2023, 15(4), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040986
Submission received: 22 March 2023 / Revised: 13 April 2023 / Accepted: 14 April 2023 / Published: 17 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)
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Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, which has been associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Drug-induced lupus (DIL) is a lupus-like disease caused by the intake of therapeutic drugs, which has been estimated to cause approximately 10–15% of lupus-like cases. Although SLE and DIL share common clinical symptoms, there are some fundamental differences between DIL and SLE onset. Moreover, it remains to be examined whether environmental factors, such as EBV and CMV infections, may contribute to the development of DIL. This study focused on examining the possible association between DIL and EBV and CMV infections, by examining IgG titers to EBV and CMV antigens in serum samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Antibody titers to EBV early antigen–diffuse and CMV pp52 were found to be significantly elevated in both SLE and DIL patients compared to healthy controls, although no correlation was found for antibodies to the two virus antigens in the respective disease groups. Moreover, total IgG titers were reduced in SLE and DIL serum samples, which may reflect a general lymphocytopenia, which commonly is associated with SLE. The current findings support that EBV and CMV infections may contribute to the development of DIL and that onset of both diseases are related.
Keywords: antibodies; cytomegalovirus; drug-induced lupus; Epstein–Barr virus; systemic lupus erythematosus antibodies; cytomegalovirus; drug-induced lupus; Epstein–Barr virus; systemic lupus erythematosus

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MDPI and ACS Style

Knudsen, J.; Trier, N.H.; Draborg, A.H.; Nielsen, C.T.; Jacobsen, S.; Højrup, P.; Houen, G. Elevated Antibody Titers to Epstein–Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus in Patients with Drug-Induced Lupus. Viruses 2023, 15, 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040986

AMA Style

Knudsen J, Trier NH, Draborg AH, Nielsen CT, Jacobsen S, Højrup P, Houen G. Elevated Antibody Titers to Epstein–Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus in Patients with Drug-Induced Lupus. Viruses. 2023; 15(4):986. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040986

Chicago/Turabian Style

Knudsen, Julie, Nicole Hartwig Trier, Anette Holck Draborg, Christoffer Tandrup Nielsen, Søren Jacobsen, Peter Højrup, and Gunnar Houen. 2023. "Elevated Antibody Titers to Epstein–Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus in Patients with Drug-Induced Lupus" Viruses 15, no. 4: 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040986

APA Style

Knudsen, J., Trier, N. H., Draborg, A. H., Nielsen, C. T., Jacobsen, S., Højrup, P., & Houen, G. (2023). Elevated Antibody Titers to Epstein–Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus in Patients with Drug-Induced Lupus. Viruses, 15(4), 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040986

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