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10.3390/v15020484
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Article

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A Population-Based Seroprevalence Study

by
Mai M. El-Daly
1,2,†,
Rajaa Al-Raddadi
1,3,†,
Amany Alharbi
1,
Abdulrahman E. Azhar
4,
Amjed M. Khallaf
4,
Ahmed M. Hassan
1,
Osama M. Alwafi
5,
Omaima I. Shabouni
6,
Thamir A. Alandijany
1,2,
Tian-Cheng Li
7,
Sherif A. El-Kafrawy
1,2,†,
Alimuddin Zumla
8,9 and
Esam I. Azhar
1,2,*
1
Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
3
Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
4
Student Research and Innovation Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
5
Ministry of Health, Makkah 24226, Saudi Arabia
6
Ministry of Health, Jeddah 22246, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
8
Department of Infection, Division of Infection and Immunity, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London NW1 2PG, UK
9
NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2PG, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Viruses 2023, 15(2), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020484
Submission received: 21 December 2022 / Revised: 4 February 2023 / Accepted: 6 February 2023 / Published: 9 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepatitis E Virus (HEV))
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Background: The Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. Little is known about the seroprevalence of HEV in the general population of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional HEV seroprevalence study was conducted in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected in sera using an in-house ELISA. The frequency of HEV sageerology and its correlation with demographic, and environmental factors were evaluated. Results: Enrollment consisted of 1329 individuals, ages ranged from 8 to 88 years, the mean age was 30.17 years, the median age was 28yrs, and the male: female ratio was 1.15. The overall seroprevalence was 23.8% (316/1329). Males had significantly higher seroprevalence than females (66.1 vs. 33.9%; p < 0.001). Seroprevalence had significant correlations with age, occupation, and lack of regular water supply and housing conditions. Conclusions: This is the first HEV community-based seroprevalence study from Saudi Arabia. Results show that the HEV is endemic in Makkah and affects all age groups and occupations. HEV affects more males than females and those living in crowded accommodations without a regular supply of water. Further studies are required across all regions of Saudi Arabia to determine the country’s seroprevalence of active or past infection using tests for HEV IgG, HEV IgM antibodies and/or HEV RNA and underlying determinants of transmission.
Keywords: HEV; Makkah; Saudi Arabia; seroprevalence; risk factors HEV; Makkah; Saudi Arabia; seroprevalence; risk factors

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

El-Daly, M.M.; Al-Raddadi, R.; Alharbi, A.; Azhar, A.E.; Khallaf, A.M.; Hassan, A.M.; Alwafi, O.M.; Shabouni, O.I.; Alandijany, T.A.; Li, T.-C.; et al. Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A Population-Based Seroprevalence Study. Viruses 2023, 15, 484. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020484

AMA Style

El-Daly MM, Al-Raddadi R, Alharbi A, Azhar AE, Khallaf AM, Hassan AM, Alwafi OM, Shabouni OI, Alandijany TA, Li T-C, et al. Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A Population-Based Seroprevalence Study. Viruses. 2023; 15(2):484. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020484

Chicago/Turabian Style

El-Daly, Mai M., Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Amany Alharbi, Abdulrahman E. Azhar, Amjed M. Khallaf, Ahmed M. Hassan, Osama M. Alwafi, Omaima I. Shabouni, Thamir A. Alandijany, Tian-Cheng Li, and et al. 2023. "Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A Population-Based Seroprevalence Study" Viruses 15, no. 2: 484. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020484

APA Style

El-Daly, M. M., Al-Raddadi, R., Alharbi, A., Azhar, A. E., Khallaf, A. M., Hassan, A. M., Alwafi, O. M., Shabouni, O. I., Alandijany, T. A., Li, T.-C., El-Kafrawy, S. A., Zumla, A., & Azhar, E. I. (2023). Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A Population-Based Seroprevalence Study. Viruses, 15(2), 484. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020484

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