Sequelae and Animal Modeling of Encephalitic Alphavirus Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. New World Encephalitic Alphaviruses
2.1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV)
2.2. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV)
2.3. Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV)
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Neurologic Signs | Route of Infection | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human | Clinical | Signs: vomiting, seizures, diarrhea, fever, headache, coma, drowsiness, behavioral changes Sequelae: seizures, convulsions, altered mental status, somnolence, intellectual disability | Aerosol or subcutaneous | [12,14,24,25,26,27,28] |
Mouse | BALB/c | Tremors, altered behavior, fixed gaze, inability to respond to stimuli, reduced motor control | Intranasal | [34] |
C57BL/6 | Tremors | Subcutaneous | [39] | |
Hamster | Golden Syrian | Coma, stupor | Subcutaneous | [36] |
Guinea Pig | Hartley | Encephalitis | Aerosol | [32] |
Non-human Primate | Cynomolgus Macaques | Tremors, seizures, twitching, ataxia, head pressing, nystagmus | Aerosol | [38,41] |
Ataxia, tremors, lethargy, imbalance | Cutaneous | [42] | ||
Marmosets | Tremors, behavioral changes, imbalance | Aerosol | [35,40] |
Species | Neurologic Signs | Route of Infection | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human | Clinical | Signs: drowsiness, coma, seizures, convulsions, depression, disorientation, paralysis, encephalitis Sequelae: paralysis, convulsions, somnolence, seizures, coma, confusion, epilepsy, intellectual disability, altered personality, mental incapacity, photophobia, hearing loss, anosmia, ageusia, depression, recurrent headaches, fatigue | Aerosol or subcutaneous | [14,19,44,45,50] |
Mouse | BALB/c | Succumb prior to neurologic signs | Aerosol or subcutaneous | [52,53,54] |
CD-1 | Hind limb paralysis | Subcutaneous | [33,51,55] | |
CB17 | Paralysis | Subcutaneous | [56] | |
SCID | Severe aggression, ataxia, unresponsiveness to stimuli | Subcutaneous | [56] | |
Hamster | Golden Syrian | Succumb prior to neurologic signs | Aerosol or subcutaneous | [57,58] |
Non-human Primate | Cynomolgus Macaques | Ataxia, fever, depression, tremors, twitching, photophobia, nystagmus, hypothermia | Aerosol | [52,59,60] |
No clinical or neurologic signs | Cutaneous | [42,61] |
Species | Neurologic Signs | Route of Infection | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Human | Clinical | Signs: confusion, coma, weakness, drowsiness, irritability Sequelae: behavioral changes, tremors, convulsions, seizures, photophobia, confusion, intellectual disability, irritability, depression, anxiety, paranoia, emotional instability, deficits in hearing and speech, alveolar hypoventilation, sleep apnea | Aerosol or subcutaneous | [13,14,73,74,75,76,77] |
Mouse | BALB/c | Unspecified signs of encephalitis a | Intranasal (CO92 strain) | [78] |
Succumb prior to neurologic signs a | Aerosol and intranasal | [53,79] | ||
NIH Swiss | Unspecified signs of encephalitis a | Intranasal (CO92 strain) | [78] | |
Succumb prior to neurologic signs a | Intranasal (McMillan and TBT235 strains) | |||
CD-1 | Unspecified signs of encephalitis a | Intranasal (CO92 strain) | [78] | |
C57BL/6 | Unspecified signs of encephalitis a | Intranasal (CO92 strain) | [78] | |
Hamster | Golden Syrian | Succumb prior to neurologic signs a | Intraperitoneal | [70,80] |
Ataxia and neurologic “fits” | Respiratory, intracranial, intraperitoneal, and intradermal | [81] | ||
Guinea pig | unspecified | Succumb prior to neurologic signs a | Intracranial or intraperitoneal | [82] |
Non-human Primate | Cynomolgus Macaques | Reduced activity, tremors, convulsions, reduced response to stimuli, coma | Aerosol | [83] |
No clinical or neurologic signs | Subcutaneous | [42] |
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Reyna, R.A.; Weaver, S.C. Sequelae and Animal Modeling of Encephalitic Alphavirus Infections. Viruses 2023, 15, 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020382
Reyna RA, Weaver SC. Sequelae and Animal Modeling of Encephalitic Alphavirus Infections. Viruses. 2023; 15(2):382. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020382
Chicago/Turabian StyleReyna, Rachel A., and Scott C. Weaver. 2023. "Sequelae and Animal Modeling of Encephalitic Alphavirus Infections" Viruses 15, no. 2: 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020382
APA StyleReyna, R. A., & Weaver, S. C. (2023). Sequelae and Animal Modeling of Encephalitic Alphavirus Infections. Viruses, 15(2), 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020382