Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 among Prisoners in Central Brazil and Evidence of Transmission Clusters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects and Study Design
2.2. Amplification of HIV-1 PR/RT Region
2.3. Sequence Analysis
2.4. Genotypic Analysis of HIV-1 Drug Resistance
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cluster | aLRT | Sequences | Distance | Subcluster | aLRT | Distance | Cluster Confirmation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HIV-1B | |||||||
1 | 0.99 | BRMS02.JF342274 | 0.034 | - | - | - | Confirmed |
BRMS46.JF342297 | |||||||
HET801.MF545297 | |||||||
HET462.MF545270 | |||||||
HET631.MF545285 | |||||||
RT74 | |||||||
2 | 0.94 | PSD1689 | 0.054 | 2A | 0.939 | 0.053 | Not confirmed |
BRMS53.JF342303 | |||||||
BREPM1028.EF637053 | |||||||
07CE140556.KY581465 | |||||||
PSD668 | 2B | 0.71 | 0.049 | Not confirmed | |||
HET830.MF545301 | |||||||
PSD3419 | 2C | 0.968 | 0.039 | Confirmed | |||
HET640.MF545286 | |||||||
3 | 0.92 | HSH874.MF545336 | 0.036 | Confirmed | |||
HET814.MF545299 | |||||||
RT53 | |||||||
HSH881.MF545340 | |||||||
HET249.MF545255 | |||||||
4 | 0.90 | HET622.MF545284 | 0.052 | ||||
HET850.MF545302 | |||||||
PTB204 | 4A | 0.91 | 0.027 | Confirmed | |||
BRMS99.HQ831455 | |||||||
BRMS97.HQ831454 | |||||||
HSH871.MF545333 | |||||||
PTB178 | |||||||
PSD3034 | 4B | 0.96 | 0.043 | Confirmed | |||
HSH408.MF545314 | |||||||
HSH862.MF545331 | |||||||
HET738.MF545293 | |||||||
HET521.MF545276 | |||||||
HET323.MF545260 | |||||||
HSH719.MF545326 | |||||||
HET437.MF545267 | |||||||
HSH717.MF545325 | 4C | 1 | 0.039 | Confirmed | |||
MF545324.HSH716 | |||||||
PSD2529 | |||||||
HSH875.MF545337 | |||||||
MF545332.HSH867 | |||||||
HET757.MF545294 | |||||||
5 | 0.91 | BREPM1084.FJ195088 | 0.051 | 5A | 0.91 | 0.051 | Not confirmed |
PTB16 | |||||||
HET219.MF545251 | 5B | 0.784 | 0.052 | Not confirmed | |||
PSD1190 | |||||||
6 | 0.91 | RT58 | 0.074 | - | - | - | Not confirmed |
02BR002.DQ358805 | |||||||
7 | 0.97 | PSD1678 | 0.044 | - | - | - | Confirmed |
BRMS117.HQ831457 | |||||||
HSH859.MF545329 | |||||||
8 | 1 | PSD2207 | 0.044 | - | - | - | Confirmed |
HET362.MF545261 | |||||||
9 | 0.93 | PTB92 | 0.057 | 9A | 0.095 | 0.057 | Not confirmed |
HET446.MF545269 | |||||||
PTB229 | |||||||
HET522.MF545277 | |||||||
PSD700 | 9B | 0.73 | 0.044 | Not confirmed | |||
HET479.MF545271 | |||||||
10 | 0.98 | RT56 | 0.072 | - | - | - | Not confirmed |
BRTO12 83.GU214093 | |||||||
11 | 0.912 | RT51 | 0.054 | - | - | - | Not confirmed |
RT70 | |||||||
12 | 1 | RT52 | 0.037 | - | - | - | Confirmed |
BRMS27.JF342282 | |||||||
13 | 0.92 | RT68 | 0.037 | - | - | - | Confirmed |
HET501.MF545272 | |||||||
14 | 0.91 | RT73 | 0.036 | - | - | - | Confirmed |
PSD3041 | |||||||
HET671.MF545288 | |||||||
PSD27 | |||||||
HET438.MF545268 | |||||||
15 | 0.97 | PSD124 | 0.042 | - | - | - | Confirmed |
PSD140 | |||||||
16 | 0.93 | RT71 | 0.031 | - | - | - | Confirmed |
HSH239.MF545312 | |||||||
HIV-1C | |||||||
17 | 0.964 | PTB19 | 0.021 | - | - | - | Confirmed |
HSH880.MF545237 | |||||||
PSD2681 | |||||||
06BRRJ_09.KF255844 |
Variable | N | (%) | Clustered N (%) | Not Clustered N (%) | OR (95% CI) | p | aOR (95%CI) ˠ | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 19 (28.4) | 48 (71.6) | (18.7–40.6) | |||||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 60 | (89.5) | 19 (31.7) | 41 (68.3) | - | - | - | - |
Female | 7 | (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (100.0) | - | - | - | - |
Age (years) | ||||||||
18–34 | 31 | (46.3) | 11 (35.5) | 200 (64.5) | 1.0 | |||
35 or more | 36 | (53.7) | 8 (22.2) | 28 (77.8) | 0.52 (0.17–1.52) | 0.23 | - | - |
Skin colour/ethnicity | ||||||||
White | 22 | (33.3) | 10 (45.5) | 12 (54.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
Non-white | 44 | (66.7) | 9 (20.4) | 35 (79.6) | 0.31 (0.10–0.94) | 0.04 | 0.34 (0.09–1.25) | 0.10 |
Educational (years) # | ||||||||
0 | 30 | (46.8) | 7 (23.3) | 23 (76.7) | - | - | - | - |
1–12 | 31 | (48.4) | 11 (35.5) | 20 (64.5) | - | - | - | - |
>12 | 3 | (4.7) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | - | - | - | - |
Naturality | ||||||||
MS State | 41 | (61.2) | 13 (31.7) | 28 (68.3) | 1.0 | |||
Other | 26 | (38.8) | 6 (23.1) | 20 (76.9) | 0.71 (0.24–21.2) | 0.4 | - | - |
Persons in the same cell | ||||||||
1–10 | 27 | (40.9) | 8 (29.6) | 19 (70.4) | 1.0 | |||
11–30 | 22 | (33.3) | 6 (27.3) | 16 (72.7) | 0.89 (0.22–2.52) | 0.86 | - | - |
31 or more | 17 | (25.7) | 5 (29.4) | 12 (70.6) | 0.98 (0.08–1.60) | 0.98 | - | - |
Time of incarceration # | ||||||||
Up to 5 years | 50 | (76.9) | 14 (28.0) | 36 (72.0) | 1.0 | |||
More than 5 years | 15 | (23.1) | 5 (33.3) | 10 (66.7) | 0.69 (0.37–4.43) | 0.69 | - | - |
Previous incarceration | ||||||||
No | 19 | (28.4) | 5 (26.3) | 14 (73.7) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 48 | (71.6) | 14 (29.2) | 34 (70.8) | 1.15 (0.35–3.81) | 0.81 | - | - |
Illicit drug use | ||||||||
No | 1 | (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | - | - | - | - |
Yes, no injecting drugs | 63 | (97.0) | 9 (14.3) | 54 (85.7) | - | - | - | - |
Yes, injecting drugs | 1 | (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | - | - | - | - |
Cocaine base pasta use # | ||||||||
No | 55 | (84.6) | 13 (23.6) | 42 (76.4) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 10 | (15.4) | 6 (60.0) | 4 (40.0) | 4.84 (1.18–19.8) | 0.02 | 3.57 (0.69–18.4) | 0.12 |
History of homosexual contact # | ||||||||
No | 51 | (19.1) | 11 (21.6) | 40 (78.4) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 12 | (80.9) | 7 (58.3) | 5 (41.7) | 4.90 (1.43–16.82) | 0.01 | 8.03 (1.30–49.23) | 0.02 |
Number of sexual partners in the last 12 months | ||||||||
0 | 15 | (22.4) | 4 (26.7) | 11 (73.3) | 1.0 | |||
1-5 | 43 | (64.2) | 11 (25.6) | 32 (74.4) | 0.94 (0.24–3.59) | 0.93 | - | - |
≥6 | 9 | (13.4) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | 2.20 (0.38–12.6) | 0.37 | - | - |
Use of condoms in the last 12 months | ||||||||
Always | 29 | (43.9) | 9 (31.0) | 20 (69.0) | 1.0 | |||
Occasionally/Never | 37 | (56.1) | 10 (27.0) | 27 (73.0) | 0.82 (0.29–2.39) | 0.72 | - | - |
History of STI | ||||||||
No | 30 | (45.5) | 10 (33.3) | 20 (66.7) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 36 | (54.5) | 9 (25.0) | 27 (75.0) | 0.7 (0.23–1.95) | 0.46 | - | - |
Genital ulcers | ||||||||
No | 62 | (92.5) | 16 (25.8) | 46 (74.2) | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 5 | (7.5) | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | 4.31 (0.66–28.2) | 0.12 | - | - |
HIV-1 Subtype | ||||||||
B | 49 | (73.2) | 17 (34.7) | 32 (65.3) | 1.0 | |||
Non-B | 18 | (26.8) | 2 (11.1) | 33 (88.9) | 0.23 (0.04–1.14) | 0.05 | 0.01 (0.01–1.7) | 0.05 |
ID | Age | Resistance Mutations | HIV-1 Subtype | Type of Exposure | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NRTI | NNRTI | PI | ||||
ART-experienced n = 16 | ||||||
PSD1270 * | 28 | M184I | B | Sex with HIV-infected partner | ||
PSD2402 | 30 | K103N | URF_BF | Homemade tattooing, multiple sexual partners | ||
PSD2529 | 27 | K103NS, V106M | B | Irregular condom use, sharing of sharp objects | ||
PSD2671 | 41 | K103N | B | Sex with HIV-infected and drug user | ||
PSD2802 | 37 | V106I | B | Multiple sexual partners | ||
PSD3034 | 40 | M41L, M184V, T215Y | K103N, P225H | B | Sex with drug user | |
PTB16 | 27 | K103N | B | None | ||
PTB70 | 26 | V106I | URF_BF | MSM, Irregular condom use, sharing of sharp objects | ||
PTB165 | 26 | E44D | C | MSM, Irregular condom use, Sex with drug user, sharing of sharp objects | ||
PTB177 | 54 | Y181YH | B | Irregular condom use, sharing of sharp objects | ||
PTB204 | 35 | M41L, L74I, M184V, T215Y | K103N, E138A, P255H | B | MSM and sex with drug user | |
PTB229 | 44 | A62V, K65R, M184V | L100I, K103N | B | None | |
RT58 | 27 | D67NK70R, T215Y | K103N, V106I, V179T, Y188F, H221Y | I84V, L90M, Q58E, G73S | B | Irregular condom use, MSM and sex with drug user |
RT64 | 28 | Y181F | URF_BF | Irregular condom use | ||
RT71 | 44 | F227FL | B | MSM, sharing of sharp objects | ||
RT75 | 27 | K103N | URF_BF | MSM, history of STI | ||
ART-naive n = 2 | ||||||
PSD2368 | 26 | K103N | B | Sharing of sharp objects | ||
PSD3117 | 47 | K219Q | K103N | L90M | D | History of STI |
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Tanaka, T.S.O.; Cesar, G.A.; Rezende, G.R.d.; Puga, M.A.M.; Weis-Torres, S.M.d.S.; Bandeira, L.M.; Pompílio, M.A.; Croda, J.; Guimarães, M.L.; Motta-Castro, A.R.C. Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 among Prisoners in Central Brazil and Evidence of Transmission Clusters. Viruses 2022, 14, 1660. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081660
Tanaka TSO, Cesar GA, Rezende GRd, Puga MAM, Weis-Torres SMdS, Bandeira LM, Pompílio MA, Croda J, Guimarães ML, Motta-Castro ARC. Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 among Prisoners in Central Brazil and Evidence of Transmission Clusters. Viruses. 2022; 14(8):1660. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081660
Chicago/Turabian StyleTanaka, Tayana Serpa Ortiz, Gabriela Alves Cesar, Grazielli Rocha de Rezende, Marco Antonio Moreira Puga, Sabrina Moreira dos Santos Weis-Torres, Larissa Melo Bandeira, Maurício Antônio Pompílio, Julio Croda, Monick Lindenmeyer Guimarães, and Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro. 2022. "Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 among Prisoners in Central Brazil and Evidence of Transmission Clusters" Viruses 14, no. 8: 1660. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081660