Soluble IL-2R Levels at Baseline Predict the Development of Severe Respiratory Failure and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic, Clinical, and Laboratory Characteristics
3.2. Outcome of Patients
3.3. sIL-2R, Ferritin, CRP, and Lymphocytes Levels Alteration during Hospitalisation and Outcome
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 197) | Moderate (n = 65) | Severe (n = 132) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, median (IQR), years | 61 (21) | 57 (20) | 65 (19) | <0.001 |
Male sex, n (%) | 120 (60.9%) | 37 (56.9%) | 83 (62.9%) | 0.516 |
BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 27.7 (6) | 26.4 (5.7) | 27.8 (6.2) | 0.018 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 38 (19.3%) | 8 (12.3%) | 30 (22.7%) | 0.121 |
COPD, n (%) | 16 (8.1%) | 3 (4.6%) | 13 (9.8%) | 0.440 |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 104 (52.8%) | 20 (30.8%) | 84 (63.6%) | 0.001 |
Smoking, n (%) | 73 (37.1%) | 24 (36.9%) | 49 (37.1%) | 1.000 |
Disease duration, median (IQR), days | 7 (5) | 7 (6) | 7 (4) | 0.392 |
pO2/FiO2 ratio, median (IQR) | 304 (127) | 376 (91) | 252 (77) | <0.001 |
Respiratory rate, median (IQR), /min | 22 (10) | 20 (6) | 24 (10) | <0.001 |
Lymphocytes, median (IQR), /μL | 950 (595) | 1050 (495) | 885 (633) | 0.005 |
Ferritin, median (IQR), ng/mL | 477 (800) | 290 (324) | 591 (938) | <0.001 |
CRP, median (IQR), mg/dL | 3.5 (8.2) | 1.7 (3.7) | 4.7 (9.9) | <0.001 |
sIL-2R, median (IQR), ng/mL | 5.8 (5.2) | 5.2 (3.4) | 6 (6.2) | 0.017 |
Univariate Analysis | Multivariate Analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | p | HR | 95% CI | p | |
Age | 1.056 | 1.031–1.081 | <0.001 | 1.036 | 1.004–1.070 | 0.030 |
Male sex | 1.339 | 0.705–2.544 | 0.372 | |||
BMI | 1.022 | 0.966–1.080 | 0.453 | |||
Diabetes | 1.983 | 1.031–3.815 | 0.040 | 0.562 | 0.256–1.238 | 0.153 |
COPD | 0.536 | 0.130–2.218 | 0.390 | |||
Cardiovascular disease | 3.222 | 1.583–6.557 | 0.001 | 1.706 | 0.745–3.903 | 0.206 |
Smoking (previous/active) | 1.179 | 0.637–2.183 | 0.601 | |||
Disease duration | 1.024 | 0.941–1.114 | 0.576 | |||
pO2/FiO2 ratio | 0.987 | 0.984–0.990 | <0.001 | 0.985 | 0.979–0.990 | <0.001 |
Lymphocytes | 0.428 | 0.238–0.768 | 0.004 | 0.746 | 0.387–1.438 | 0.382 |
Ferritin | 1.374 | 1.035–1.824 | 0.028 | 0.833 | 0.584–1.188 | 0.312 |
CRP | 1.569 | 1.209–2.035 | 0.001 | 0.730 | 0.509–1.048 | 0.088 |
sIL-2R | 3.251 | 2.171–4.869 | <0.001 | 1.749 | 1.041–2.939 | 0.035 |
Total (n = 197) | sIL-2R ≥ 9 ng/mL (n = 50) | sIL-2R < 9 ng/mL (n = 147) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, median (IQR), years | 61 (21) | 70 (16) | 59 (21) | <0.001 |
Male sex, n (%) | 120 (60.9%) | 18 (36%) | 59 (40.1%) | 0.726 |
BMI, median (IQR), kg/m2 | 27.7 (6) | 27.9 (5.4) | 27.7 (6.2) | 0.873 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 38 (19.3%) | 8 (16%) | 30 (20.4%) | 0.635 |
COPD, n (%) | 16 (8.1%) | 5 (10%) | 11 (7.5%) | 0.558 |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 104 (52.8%) | 32 (64%) | 72 (49%) | 0.094 |
Smoking, n (%) | 73 (37.1%) | 20 (40%) | 53 (36.1%) | 0.742 |
Disease duration, median (IQR), days | 7 (5) | 7 (4) | 7 (5) | 0.391 |
pO2/FiO2 ratio, median (IQR) | 304 (127) | 238 (147) | 328 (119) | <0.001 |
Respiratory rate, median (IQR), /min | 22 (10) | 26 (10) | 22 (8) | 0.008 |
Lymphocytes, median (IQR), /μL | 950 (595) | 800 (453) | 990 (640) | 0.007 |
Ferritin, median (IQR), ng/mL | 477 (800) | 547 (1261) | 454 (644) | 0.094 |
CRP, median (IQR), mg/dL | 3.5 (8.2) | 6.8 (12.4) | 2.6 (6.8) | 0.003 |
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Gatselis, N.K.; Lygoura, V.; Lyberopoulou, A.; Giannoulis, G.; Samakidou, A.; Vaiou, A.; Vatidis, G.; Antoniou, K.; Stefos, A.; Georgiadou, S.; et al. Soluble IL-2R Levels at Baseline Predict the Development of Severe Respiratory Failure and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2022, 14, 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14040787
Gatselis NK, Lygoura V, Lyberopoulou A, Giannoulis G, Samakidou A, Vaiou A, Vatidis G, Antoniou K, Stefos A, Georgiadou S, et al. Soluble IL-2R Levels at Baseline Predict the Development of Severe Respiratory Failure and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients. Viruses. 2022; 14(4):787. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14040787
Chicago/Turabian StyleGatselis, Nikolaos K., Vasiliki Lygoura, Aggeliki Lyberopoulou, George Giannoulis, Anna Samakidou, Antonia Vaiou, George Vatidis, Katerina Antoniou, Aggelos Stefos, Sarah Georgiadou, and et al. 2022. "Soluble IL-2R Levels at Baseline Predict the Development of Severe Respiratory Failure and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients" Viruses 14, no. 4: 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14040787