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Volume 14
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10.3390/v14122603
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Article

Freshwater Mussels Show Elevated Viral Richness and Intensity during a Mortality Event

by
Jordan C. Richard
1,2,*,
Eric M. Leis
3,
Christopher D. Dunn
1,
Cleyo Harris
4,
Rose E. Agbalog
2,
Lewis J. Campbell
1,
Susan Knowles
5,
Diane L. Waller
6,
Joel G. Putnam
6 and
Tony L. Goldberg
1,*
1
Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Freshwater & Marine Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA
2
Southwestern Virginia Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Abingdon, VA 24210, USA
3
La Crosse Fish Health Center, Midwest Fisheries Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA
4
Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Waterford, MI 48327, USA
5
U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA
6
U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2603; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122603
Submission received: 10 November 2022 / Accepted: 21 November 2022 / Published: 23 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)
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Abstract

Freshwater mussels (Unionida) are among the world’s most imperiled taxa, but the relationship between freshwater mussel mortality events and infectious disease is largely unstudied. We surveyed viromes of a widespread and abundant species (mucket, Actinonaias ligamentina; syn: Ortmanniana ligamentina) experiencing a mortality event of unknown etiology in the Huron River, Michigan, in 2019–2020 and compared them to viromes from mucket in a healthy population in the St. Croix River, Wisconsin and a population from the Clinch River, Virginia and Tennessee, where a mortality event was affecting the congeneric pheasantshell (Actinonaias pectorosa; syn: Ortmanniana pectorosa) population. We identified 38 viruses, most of which were associated with mussels collected during the Huron River mortality event. Viral richness and cumulative viral read depths were significantly higher in moribund mussels from the Huron River than in healthy controls from each of the three populations. Our results demonstrate significant increases in the number and intensity of viral infections for freshwater mussels experiencing mortality events, whereas individuals from healthy populations have a substantially reduced virome comprising a limited number of species at low viral read depths.
Keywords: bivalve; virome; freshwater mussel; mass mortality; die-off; unionid; virology; invertebrate; biodiversity bivalve; virome; freshwater mussel; mass mortality; die-off; unionid; virology; invertebrate; biodiversity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Richard, J.C.; Leis, E.M.; Dunn, C.D.; Harris, C.; Agbalog, R.E.; Campbell, L.J.; Knowles, S.; Waller, D.L.; Putnam, J.G.; Goldberg, T.L. Freshwater Mussels Show Elevated Viral Richness and Intensity during a Mortality Event. Viruses 2022, 14, 2603. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122603

AMA Style

Richard JC, Leis EM, Dunn CD, Harris C, Agbalog RE, Campbell LJ, Knowles S, Waller DL, Putnam JG, Goldberg TL. Freshwater Mussels Show Elevated Viral Richness and Intensity during a Mortality Event. Viruses. 2022; 14(12):2603. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122603

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard, Jordan C., Eric M. Leis, Christopher D. Dunn, Cleyo Harris, Rose E. Agbalog, Lewis J. Campbell, Susan Knowles, Diane L. Waller, Joel G. Putnam, and Tony L. Goldberg. 2022. "Freshwater Mussels Show Elevated Viral Richness and Intensity during a Mortality Event" Viruses 14, no. 12: 2603. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122603

APA Style

Richard, J. C., Leis, E. M., Dunn, C. D., Harris, C., Agbalog, R. E., Campbell, L. J., Knowles, S., Waller, D. L., Putnam, J. G., & Goldberg, T. L. (2022). Freshwater Mussels Show Elevated Viral Richness and Intensity during a Mortality Event. Viruses, 14(12), 2603. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122603

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