Retrospective Enhanced Bat Lyssavirus Surveillance in Germany between 2018–2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bat Samples
2.2. Brain Sample Generation
2.3. RNA Extraction
2.4. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR
2.5. Virus Isolation in Cell Culture
2.6. NGS Sample Processing
2.7. Generation of Full Genome Sequences and Phylogenetic Analysis
3. Results
General Surveillance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | BB | BE | BW | BY | HE | MV | NI | NW | SN | ST | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barbastella barbastellus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||||
Eptesicus nilssonii | 3 | 3 | |||||||||
Eptesicus serotinus | 22 (1) | 35 (6) | 1 | 2 | 22 (6) | 5 (1) | 9(1) | 96 (15) | |||
Myotis ssp. | 7 | 7 | |||||||||
Myotis bechsteinii | 1 | 1 | |||||||||
Myotis brandtii | 3 | 28 | 31 | ||||||||
Myotis daubentonii | 4 | 2 | 2 | 18 | 4 | 3 | 33 | ||||
Myotis myotis | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 12 | ||||
Myotis mystacinus | 2 | 8 | 1 | 32 | 2 | 45 | |||||
Myotis nattereri | 8 | 4 | 1 | 12 (1) # | 2 | 3 | 31 (1) | ||||
Nyctalus ssp. | 2 | 2 | |||||||||
Nyctalus leisleri | 2 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 16 | ||||||
Nyctalus noctula | 22 | 35 | 1 | 5 | 11 | 2 | 13 | 89 | |||
Pipistrellus kuhlii | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
Pipistrellus nathusii | 7 | 2 | 9 | 1 | 13 | 5 | 1 | 38 | |||
Pipistrellus pipistrellus | 52 | 152 | 73 | 1 | 44 | 2 | 251 | 28 | 22 | 625 | |
Pipistrellus pygmaeus | 10 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 15 | ||||||
Plecotus ssp. | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
Plecotus auritus | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 15 | 3 | 4 | 31 | |||
Plecotus austriacus | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | ||||||
Vespertilio murinus | 3 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 31 | |||
unspecified | 4 | 8 | 64 | 5 | 32 | 1 | 3 | 117 | |||
total | 145 (1) | 252 (6) | 167 | 1 | 72 | 8 | 463 (7) | 2 | 75 (1) | 50 (1) | 1236 (16) |
Lab-ID | Collection Date | Host | Sex | Location | Virus | R14 EBLV-1 | R14 EBLV-2 | R14 BBLV | Pan-N | Pan-L | Virus Isolation | Library Number | Genome Length | Sequence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
45402 | July 18 | E. serotinus | f | Holtland (NI) | EBLV-1a | 13.84 | - | - | 30.95 | 36.19 | + | Lib03996 | 11,962 | Nearly Complete |
45410 | n.a. | E. serotinus | m | n.a. (NI) | EBLV-1a | 14.45 | - | - | 26.85 | 32.19 | + | Lib03997 | 11,953 | Nearly Complete |
45411 | May 16 | E. serotinus | m | Westerende Holzloog (NI) | EBLV-1a | 15.29 | - | - | 31.72 | 39.62 | + | Lib03998 | 11,963 | Nearly Complete |
45514 | August 16 | E. serotinus | m | Wunstorf (NI) | EBLV-1a | 9.17 | - | - | 43.60 | 40.03 | + | Lib03999 | 11,965 | Nearly Complete |
45544 | August 12 | E. serotinus | m | Bruchausen-Vilsen (NI) | EBLV-1a | 9.77 | - | - | 39.18 | 32.39 | + | Lib04706 | 11,966 | Complete |
46002 | August 18 | E. serotinus | f | Berlin-Marienfelde (BE) | EBLV-1a | 14.76 | - | - | 35.95 | 37.02 | + | Lib04003 | 11,966 | Complete |
46005 | May 18 | E. serotinus | m | Berlin-Nikolassee (BE) | EBLV-1a | 17.92 | - | - | 34.68 | 37.51 | + | Lib04004 | 11,962 | Nearly Complete |
49070 | August 19 | E. serotinus | f | Berlin-Friedenau (BE) | EBLV-1b | 12.02 | - | - | 27.10 | 37.05 | + | Lib04511 | 11,967 | Complete |
49285 | September 19 | E. serotinus | m | Berlin-Witzleben (BE) | EBLV-1a | 12.59 | - | - | 27.40 | 28.47 | + | Lib04512 | 11,966 | Complete |
49320 | 2017 | E. serotinus | m | Berlin-Friedenau (BE) | EBLV-1a | 15.05 | - | - | 27.70 | 30.01 | + | Lib04513 | 11,967 | Complete |
49911 | June 19 | E. serotinus | m | Gommern (ST) | EBLV-1a | 12.03 | - | - | 28.74 | 29.79 | + | Lib04516 | 11,958 | Nearly Complete |
49322 | 2017 | E. serotinus | f | Berlin-Wedding (BE) | EBLV-1a | 9.65 | - | - | 27.75 | 28.75 | + | Lib04534 | 11,966 | Complete |
49512 | August 17 | E. serotinus | f | Niederau (SN) | EBLV-1a | 12.07 | - | - | 28.18 | 31.51 | - | Lib04535 | 11,964 | Nearly Complete |
45369 | May 16 | E. serotinus | f | Göttingerode (NI) | EBLV-1a | 20.68 | - | - | 35.51 | 37.45 | + | Lib03994 | 11,965 | Nearly Complete |
45906 | September 04 | E. serotinus | f | Falkenberg (BB) | EBLV-1a | 24.79 | - | - | 36.28 | - | - | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
45500 | June 14 | M. nattereri | f | Herzberg (NI) | BBLV | - | - | 12.75 | 44.21 | 30.06 | + | Lib03527 | 11,896 | Nearly Complete |
5668 | August 2000 | E. serotinus | n.a. | Kubbelkow (MV) | EBLV-1a | 28.65 | - | - | 33.52 | - | + | Lib02536 | 11,966 | Complete |
31955 | June 12 | P. pipistrellus | m | Tübingen (BW) | EBLV-1a | - | - | - | 32.83 | - | + | Lib02538 | n.a. | Partial |
23549 | June 07 | E. serotinus | m | Halle/Saale (ST) | EBLV-1a | 26.92 | - | - | 29.89 | 34.1 | + | Lib02539 | 11,966 | Complete |
23157 | April 10 | P. pipistrellus | m | Nürtingen (BW) | EBLV-1a | - | - | - | 34.66 | - | + | Lib02580 | n.a. | Partial |
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Klein, A.; Calvelage, S.; Schlottau, K.; Hoffmann, B.; Eggerbauer, E.; Müller, T.; Freuling, C.M. Retrospective Enhanced Bat Lyssavirus Surveillance in Germany between 2018–2020. Viruses 2021, 13, 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081538
Klein A, Calvelage S, Schlottau K, Hoffmann B, Eggerbauer E, Müller T, Freuling CM. Retrospective Enhanced Bat Lyssavirus Surveillance in Germany between 2018–2020. Viruses. 2021; 13(8):1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081538
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlein, Antonia, Sten Calvelage, Kore Schlottau, Bernd Hoffmann, Elisa Eggerbauer, Thomas Müller, and Conrad M. Freuling. 2021. "Retrospective Enhanced Bat Lyssavirus Surveillance in Germany between 2018–2020" Viruses 13, no. 8: 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081538
APA StyleKlein, A., Calvelage, S., Schlottau, K., Hoffmann, B., Eggerbauer, E., Müller, T., & Freuling, C. M. (2021). Retrospective Enhanced Bat Lyssavirus Surveillance in Germany between 2018–2020. Viruses, 13(8), 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13081538