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Volume 13
Issue 4
10.3390/v13040713
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Article

Comparison of Serological Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies

by
Joe James
1,*,
Shelley Rhodes
1,
Craig S. Ross
1,
Paul Skinner
1,
Samuel P. Smith
1,2,
Rebecca Shipley
1,3,
Caroline J. Warren
1,
Hooman Goharriz
1,
Lorraine M. McElhinney
1,
Nigel Temperton
4,
Edward Wright
3,
Anthony R. Fooks
1,2,
Tristan W. Clark
5,6,
Sharon M. Brookes
1,
Ian H. Brown
1 and
Ashley C. Banyard
1,3,*
1
Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
2
Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
3
School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
4
Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
5
School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
6
Department of Infection, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2021, 13(4), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040713
Submission received: 27 March 2021 / Revised: 13 April 2021 / Accepted: 16 April 2021 / Published: 20 April 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Viral Immunology, Vaccines, and Antivirals)
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Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 virus was first detected in late 2019 and circulated globally, causing COVID-19, which is characterised by sub-clinical to severe disease in humans. Here, we investigate the serological antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection during acute and convalescent infection using a cohort of (i) COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital, (ii) healthy individuals who had experienced ‘COVID-19 like-illness’, and (iii) a cohort of healthy individuals prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2. We compare SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody detection rates from four different serological methods, virus neutralisation test (VNT), ID Screen® SARS-CoV-2-N IgG ELISA, Whole Antigen ELISA, and lentivirus-based SARS-CoV-2 pseudotype virus neutralisation tests (pVNT). All methods were able to detect prior infection with COVID-19, albeit with different relative sensitivities. The VNT and SARS-CoV-2-N ELISA methods showed a strong correlation yet provided increased detection rates when used in combination. A pVNT correlated strongly with SARS-CoV-2 VNT and was able to effectively discriminate SARS-CoV-2 antibody positive and negative serum with the same efficiency as the VNT. Moreover, the pVNT was performed with the same level of discrimination across multiple separate institutions. Therefore, the pVNT is a sensitive, specific, and reproducible lower biosafety level alternative to VNT for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for diagnostic and research applications. Our data illustrate the potential utility of applying VNT or pVNT and ELISA antibody tests in parallel to enhance the sensitivity of exposure to infection.
Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; spike glycoproteins; ELISA; IgG; neutralization; cross-reactivity; convalescent plasma; pseudotype neutralisation coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; spike glycoproteins; ELISA; IgG; neutralization; cross-reactivity; convalescent plasma; pseudotype neutralisation

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MDPI and ACS Style

James, J.; Rhodes, S.; Ross, C.S.; Skinner, P.; Smith, S.P.; Shipley, R.; Warren, C.J.; Goharriz, H.; McElhinney, L.M.; Temperton, N.; et al. Comparison of Serological Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Viruses 2021, 13, 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040713

AMA Style

James J, Rhodes S, Ross CS, Skinner P, Smith SP, Shipley R, Warren CJ, Goharriz H, McElhinney LM, Temperton N, et al. Comparison of Serological Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Viruses. 2021; 13(4):713. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040713

Chicago/Turabian Style

James, Joe, Shelley Rhodes, Craig S. Ross, Paul Skinner, Samuel P. Smith, Rebecca Shipley, Caroline J. Warren, Hooman Goharriz, Lorraine M. McElhinney, Nigel Temperton, and et al. 2021. "Comparison of Serological Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies" Viruses 13, no. 4: 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040713

APA Style

James, J., Rhodes, S., Ross, C. S., Skinner, P., Smith, S. P., Shipley, R., Warren, C. J., Goharriz, H., McElhinney, L. M., Temperton, N., Wright, E., Fooks, A. R., Clark, T. W., Brookes, S. M., Brown, I. H., & Banyard, A. C. (2021). Comparison of Serological Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Viruses, 13(4), 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040713

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