Non-Polio Enteroviruses from Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance in Korea, 2012–2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture
2.2. Virus Detection
2.3. Ethical Statement
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of annual expected cases in children <15 years of age | 76 | 76 | 72 | 70 | 69 | 68 | 67 | 66 |
Reported number of cases | 94 | 83 | 88 | 83 | 69 | 68 | 70 | 82 |
Non-polio AFP rate | 1.24 | 1.11 | 1.22 | 1.19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.04 | 1.21 |
Adequate specimen (%) | 89 | 94 | 86 | 86 | 94 | 94 | 90 | 85 |
60-day follow-up (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
2012 n = 94 | 2013 n = 83 | 2014 n = 88 | 2015 n = 83 | 2016 n = 69 | 2017 n = 68 | 2018 n = 70 | 2019 n = 82 | Total n = 637 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.0009 | |||||||||
Male | 54 (57.4) | 48 (57.8) | 42 (47.7) | 49 (59.0) | 46 (66.7) | 41 (60.3) | 40 (57.1) | 51 (62.2) | 371 (58.2) | |
Female | 40 (42.6) | 35 (42.2) | 46 (52.3) | 34 (41.0) | 23 (33.3) | 27 (39.7) | 30 (42.9) | 31 (37.8) | 266 (41.8) | |
Age, years | <0.0001 | |||||||||
<1 | 6 (6.4) | 7 (8.4) | 3 (3.4) | 6 (7.2) | 2 (2.9) | 3 (4.4) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (3.7) | 31 (4.9) | |
1–5 | 65 (69.1) | 44 (53.0) | 46 (52.3) | 50 (60.2) | 41 (59.4) | 24 (35.3) | 25 (35.7) | 38 (46.3) | 333 (52.3) | |
6–10 | 10 (10.6) | 17 (20.5) | 23 (26.1) | 14 (16.9) | 15 (21.7) | 26 (38.2) | 23 (32.9) | 24 (29.3) | 152 (23.9) | |
11–15 | 13 (13.8) | 13 (15.7) | 14 (15.9) | 13 (15.7) | 9 (13.0) | 15 (22.1) | 18 (25.7) | 17 (20.7) | 112 (17.6) | |
>15 | 0 (0.0) | 3 (3.6) | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (1.6) | |
Fever at onset | 0.0001 | |||||||||
Yes | 65 (69.1) | 57 (68.7) | 58 (65.9) | 62 (74.7) | 42 (60.9) | 35 (51.5) | 37 (52.9) | 53 (64.6) | 409 (64.2) | |
No | 29 (30.9) | 26 (31.1) | 30 (34.1) | 21 (25.3) | 27 (39.1) | 33 (48.5) | 33 (47.1) | 29 (35.4) | 228 (35.8) | |
IPV dose | <0.0001 | |||||||||
0 | 2 (2.1) | 3 (3.6) | 5 (5.7) | 3 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (1.2) | 15 (2.4) | |
1 | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.4) | 3 (3.4) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) | 11 (1.7) | |
2 | 3 (3.2) | 2 (2.4) | 2 (2.3) | 3 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (1.9) | |
3 | 25 (26.6) | 37 (44.6) | 30 (34.1) | 34 (41.0) | 20 (29.0) | 18 (26.5) | 16 (22.9) | 33 (40.2) | 213 (33.4) | |
4 | 29 (30.9) | 19 (22.9) | 32 (36.4) | 28 (33.7) | 33 (47.8) | 33 (48.5) | 26 (37.1) | 27 (32.9) | 227 (35.6) | |
5 | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | |
Unknown | 33 (35.1) | 20 (24.1) | 16 (18.2) | 14 (16.9) | 14 (20.3) | 16 (23.5) | 26 (37.1) | 19 (23.2) | 158 (24.8) |
Year | Total no. of AFP Patientswith Specimens | Virus Isolation Results | Real-Time RT-PCR Positive | Negative | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L20B Positive | L20B Positive + NPEV | RD-A Positive | ||||
2012 | 94 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 34 | 60 |
2013 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 47 | 36 |
2014 | 88 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 41 | 47 |
2015 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 30 | 53 |
2016 | 69 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 33 | 36 |
2017 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 62 |
2018 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 64 |
2019 | 82 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 16 | 66 |
Total | 637 | 0 | 2 | 49 | 213 | 424 |
NPEV-Types | No. of Viral RNA Detected | No. of Virus Isolation | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 (n = 94) | 2013 (n = 83) | 2014 (n = 88) | 2015 (n = 83) | 2016 (n = 69) | 2017 (n = 68) | 2018 (n = 70) | 2019 (n = 82) | Total (n = 637) | Rate (%) | |||
Enterovirus A | 28 | 35 | 30 | 16 | 21 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 146 | 68.5 | 26 | |
CA2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.9 | 1 | |
CA4 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.9 | 0 | |
CA5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 2.3 | 2 | |
CA6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.9 | 0 | |
CA10 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1.9 | 2 | |
CA16 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 3.8 | 4 | |
EV-A71 | 23 | 32 | 21 | 12 | 19 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 117 | 54.9 | 17 | |
Enterovirus B | 6 | 5 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 35 | 16.4 | 18 | |
CA9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | |
CB1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | |
CB2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | |
CB3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 1.4 | 2 | |
CB5 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 3.8 | 6 | |
E3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0.9 | 3 | |
E6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.9 | 0 | |
E7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.9 | 2 | |
E11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | |
E12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1.4 | 0 | |
E13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | |
E18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1.4 | 0 | |
E30 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 2.8 | 3 | |
Enterovirus C | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.9 | 0 | |
CA19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | |
CA24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | |
UT | 0 | 7 | 5 | 12 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 30 | 14.1 | 5 | |
Total | 34 | 47 | 41 | 30 | 33 | 6 | 6 | 16 | 213 | 100 | 49 | |
EV detection rate (%) | 36.2 | 56.6 | 46.6 | 36.1 | 47.8 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 19.5 | 33.4 | - | 7.7 |
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Yoon, Y.; Lee, Y.-P.; Lee, D.-Y.; Kim, H.-J.; Lee, J.-W.; Lee, S.; Kang, C.; Choi, W.; Bin, J.H.; Kim, Y.H.; et al. Non-Polio Enteroviruses from Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance in Korea, 2012–2019. Viruses 2021, 13, 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030411
Yoon Y, Lee Y-P, Lee D-Y, Kim H-J, Lee J-W, Lee S, Kang C, Choi W, Bin JH, Kim YH, et al. Non-Polio Enteroviruses from Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance in Korea, 2012–2019. Viruses. 2021; 13(3):411. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030411
Chicago/Turabian StyleYoon, Youngsil, Yong-Pyo Lee, Deog-Yong Lee, Hye-Jin Kim, June-Woo Lee, Sangwon Lee, Chun Kang, Wooyoung Choi, Joong Hyun Bin, Young Hoon Kim, and et al. 2021. "Non-Polio Enteroviruses from Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance in Korea, 2012–2019" Viruses 13, no. 3: 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13030411