Porcine Circovirus 3 Detection in Aborted Fetuses and Stillborn Piglets from Swine Reproductive Failure Cases
1
IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
2
OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
3
Laboratorios Hipra, S.A., Amer, 17170 Girona, Spain
4
Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
5
UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Academic Editor: Kay Faaberg
Viruses 2021, 13(2), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020264
Received: 31 December 2020
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Revised: 27 January 2021
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Accepted: 5 February 2021
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Published: 9 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been widely detected in healthy and diseased pigs; among different pathologic conditions, the strongest evidence of association comes from reproductive disease cases. However, simple viral detection does not imply the causality of the clinical conditions. Detection of PCV-3 within lesions may provide stronger evidence of causality. Thus, this study aimed to assess the frequency of PCV-3 detection in tissues from fetuses/stillborn piglets in cases of reproductive problems in domestic swine, as well as the histopathologic assessment of fetal tissues. Fetuses or stillborn piglets from 53 cases of reproductive failure were collected and analyzed by PCV-3 qPCR. The presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) was also checked. PCV-3 qPCR positive samples with a high viral load were tested by PCV-3 in situ hybridization (ISH), sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed. PCV-3 DNA was detected in 18/53 (33.9%) reproductive failure cases and in 16 of them PCV-3 was the only pathogen found. PCV-2 DNA was found in 5/53 (9.4%), PRRSV RNA in 4/53 (7.5%) and PPV1 was not detected. Four out of the six PCV-3 qPCR-positive cases with Ct value <30 were positive when tested by ISH. In these samples, PCV-3 was detected within mild histopathologic lesions, such as arteritis and periarteritis in multiple tissues. The present work emphasizes the need to include PCV-3 as a potential causative agent of reproductive failure in swine.
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Keywords:
porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3); reproductive failure; aborted fetuses; stillborn; quantitative PCR; in situ hybridization; histopathology
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Description: Figure S1: Phylogenetic analysis of PCV-3 ORF2 nt sequences from this study, and the PCV-3 references sequences from Franzo et al. [29]. The Maximum Likelihood tree was constructed with Hasegawa–Kishino–Yano model with Gamma distribution (lowest BIC score) at 1,000 replicates. The width of the branches is proportional to the bootstrap values, and the scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site. The six sequences obtained herein are colored in red; sequences classified as PCV-3a are in the blue shadow and the sequences of a tentative PCV-3b in orange shadow. Figure S2: PCV-3 phylogenetic analysis tree of aa of CAP protein from sequences from this study, and the PCV-3 references sequences from Franzo et al. [29]. The Maximum Likelihood tree was constructed with Jones–Taylor–Thornton’s model with Gamma distribution (lowest BIC score) at 1,000 replicates. The width of the branches is proportional to bootstrap values, and the scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site. The six sequences obtained herein are colored in red; sequences classified as PCV-3a are in the blue shadow and the sequences of a tentative PCV-3b in orange shadow. Table S1: Number of fetuses or stillborn piglets, range of crown-to-rump length (CRL) and RT-qPCR or qPCR results obtained in those cases positive at least for one virus. Table S2: Table of SNPs of sequences retrieved in this study compared to the PCV-3 reference of NCBI (NC031753). The genomic position are displayed in 5’-3’ except for the non-synonymous SNPs from Cap gene (displayed 3’-5 ’).
MDPI and ACS Style
Saporiti, V.; Valls, L.; Maldonado, J.; Perez, M.; Correa-Fiz, F.; Segalés, J.; Sibila, M. Porcine Circovirus 3 Detection in Aborted Fetuses and Stillborn Piglets from Swine Reproductive Failure Cases. Viruses 2021, 13, 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020264
AMA Style
Saporiti V, Valls L, Maldonado J, Perez M, Correa-Fiz F, Segalés J, Sibila M. Porcine Circovirus 3 Detection in Aborted Fetuses and Stillborn Piglets from Swine Reproductive Failure Cases. Viruses. 2021; 13(2):264. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020264
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaporiti, Viviane, Laura Valls, Jaime Maldonado, Mónica Perez, Florencia Correa-Fiz, Joaquim Segalés, and Marina Sibila. 2021. "Porcine Circovirus 3 Detection in Aborted Fetuses and Stillborn Piglets from Swine Reproductive Failure Cases" Viruses 13, no. 2: 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020264
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