Die Another Way: Interplay between Influenza A Virus, Inflammation and Cell Death
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Induction of Inflammation during IAV Infection
3. Inflammatory Responses in Mediating Host Defence and Promoting Disease during Severe IAV Infection
3.1. PRRs Mediate Protective and Detrimental Inflammation
3.2. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and the ‘Cytokine Storm’
3.3. Cellular Immune Response
4. Cell Death Pathways and Their Activation during IAV Infection
5. NLRP3 Inflammasome-Associated Pyroptosis in IAV Infection
6. Apoptosis in IAV Infection
6.1. Extrinsic Apoptosis in IAV
6.2. Intrinsic “Mitochondrial-Dependent” Apoptosis in IAV Infection
6.3. Necroptosis Pathways in IAV
6.4. DAI-RIPK3-Driven Apoptotic Caspase-8 and Necroptotic MLKL during IAV Infection
7. Potential for Apoptotic Caspase-3-Induced Gasdermin E (GSDME)-Mediated Pyroptosis in IAV
8. Necrosis and Secondary Necrosis during IAV Infection
9. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cell Death Pathway | Extrinsic Apoptosis | Intrinsic Apoptosis | GSDMD-Mediated Pyroptosis | GSDME-Mediated Pyroptosis | Necroptosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regulation | Regulated | Regulated | Regulated | Regulated | Regulated |
Activators | Death receptor and ZBP1 ligation. | IAV PB1-F2, DNA damage and metabolic stress. | ATP, IAV viral RNA, IAV Matrix 2 and PB1-F2 proteins. | Not determined. | Death receptors and TLR ligation. |
Morphological features | Plasma membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, apoptotic bodies, nuclear and DNA fragmentation. | Plasma membrane blebbing, cell shrinkage, apoptotic bodies, nuclear and DNA fragmentation. | Disruption of plasma membrane, cell swelling. | Disruption of plasma membrane, cell swelling. | Disruption of plasma membrane and cell swelling. |
Mediating Effectors | RIPK1, RIPK3, FADD and Caspase-8, -3 and -7. | BAX, BAK, APAF-1, cytochrome c and Caspase-9, -3 and -7. | NLRP3, Caspase-1, -4, -5, -8, -11 and GSDMD. | Caspase-3 and GSDME. | RIPK1, RIPK3 and MLKL. |
Host Inhibitory Molecules | cFLIP, cIAP1/2 and XIAP. | BCL-2 pro-survival family e.g., BCL-2, BCL-XL and XIAP. | C-terminal domain of GSDMD and Caspase 3. | C-terminal domain of GSDME. | cIAP1/2 and Caspase-8. |
Key Biochemical Readout | Caspase-8 cleavage. | Caspase-9 cleavage. | GSDMD cleavage. | GSDME cleavage. | MLKL phosphorylation. |
Release of cellular contents | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Inflammatory | −/+ | −/+ | +++ | ++ | ++ |
Cell Type | Extrinsic Apoptosis | Intrinsic Apoptosis | Necrosis (Primary or Secondary?) | Necroptosis | Pyroptosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Airway Epithelial cells | Human primary type I-like alveolar epithelial cells [74]. | Human primary type I-like alveolar epithelial cells [74]. | Human primary bronchial epithelial cells [78]. | Murine primary type I alveolar epithelial cells [82]. | Human primary bronchial epithelial cells [33]. |
Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 type II cell line [75]. | Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 type II cell line [75,76]. | Human primary alveolar type I-like and type II epithelial cells [79]. | Murine immortalised LET1 type I alveolar epithelial cells [23]. | ||
Murine immortalised LET1 type I alveolar epithelial cells [23]. | Murine primary tracheal epithelial cells [77]. | Epithelial cells in human lung tissue sections [80,81]. | |||
Macrophages and monocytes | Human blood-derived monocytes [83]. | Human blood-derived monocytes [83]. | Human blood-derived monocytes [83]. | Human monocyte-derived macrophages [84]. | |
Human monocyte-derived macrophages [84]. | Murine primary bone-marrow derived macrophages [82,86]. | ||||
Murine primary bone-marrow derived macrophages [24,85,86]. |
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Laghlali, G.; Lawlor, K.E.; Tate, M.D. Die Another Way: Interplay between Influenza A Virus, Inflammation and Cell Death. Viruses 2020, 12, 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040401
Laghlali G, Lawlor KE, Tate MD. Die Another Way: Interplay between Influenza A Virus, Inflammation and Cell Death. Viruses. 2020; 12(4):401. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040401
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaghlali, Gabriel, Kate E. Lawlor, and Michelle D. Tate. 2020. "Die Another Way: Interplay between Influenza A Virus, Inflammation and Cell Death" Viruses 12, no. 4: 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040401
APA StyleLaghlali, G., Lawlor, K. E., & Tate, M. D. (2020). Die Another Way: Interplay between Influenza A Virus, Inflammation and Cell Death. Viruses, 12(4), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12040401