Camelid Inoculation with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Experimental Models of Reservoir Host Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Camelid Taxonomy and General Biology
3. Camelid Study Design
4. Clinical Signs
5. Viral Shedding
6. MERS-CoV Pathologic Lesions
7. Transmission of MERS-CoV amongst Camelids
8. MERS-CoV Vaccination
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Old World Camelids | New World Camelids | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Dromedary Camels | Bactrian Camels | Llamas | Alpacas | |
Relative difficulty housing/handling | +++ | +++ | ++ | + |
Nasal discharge | Present [43,45,47,49,50] | Present [42] | Present [48] | Absent [41,43,44] |
Nasal shedding: infectious virus | 1–6 or 7 DPI [43,47] | 1–7 DPI [42] | 1–7 or 8 DPI [46,48] | 1–7 to 12 DPI [41,44] |
Nasal shedding: viral RNA | 1–35 DPI [41] | Not done | 1–15 DPI [48] | 1–12 DPI [41] |
Pathologic lesions | Mild/moderate [42,43,47] | Mild/moderate [42] | Mild/moderate [48] | Minimal/mild [43,44] |
Transmission | Present [49,50] | Not done | Present [46] | Present [44] |
Vaccines tested | Recombinant S Protein [43] MVA-s [47] ChAdOx2 MERS [49] | Not done | Recombinant S Protein [46] | Recombinant S protein [43] |
Vaccine efficacy | Mixed [43,47,49] | Not done | Infectious virus not detected in vaccinated animals [46] | Infectious virus not detected in vaccinated animals [43] |
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Adney, D.R.; Clancy, C.S.; Bowen, R.A.; Munster, V.J. Camelid Inoculation with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Experimental Models of Reservoir Host Infection. Viruses 2020, 12, 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121370
Adney DR, Clancy CS, Bowen RA, Munster VJ. Camelid Inoculation with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Experimental Models of Reservoir Host Infection. Viruses. 2020; 12(12):1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121370
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdney, Danielle R., Chad S. Clancy, Richard A. Bowen, and Vincent J. Munster. 2020. "Camelid Inoculation with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Experimental Models of Reservoir Host Infection" Viruses 12, no. 12: 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121370