Norovirus Infections and Disease in Lower-Middle- and Low-Income Countries, 1997–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy and Inclusion Criteria
2.2. Data Extraction
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Norovirus Prevalence in LIC and LMIC
3.2. Norovirus Clinical Features
3.3. Norovirus and Coinfections
3.4. Norovirus Seasonality
3.5. Norovirus Genotype Diversity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | No. of Studies/ No. of Countries | Number of Cases Tested | Number of Norovirus + | Norovirus Detection % (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
LIC | ||||
<5 years inpatient | 9/6 | 6713 | 733 | 11 (10–12) |
<5 years outpatient | 5/4 | 2430 | 226 | 9 (8–11) |
Mixed age inpatient | 1/1 | 229 | 95 | 42 (35–48) |
Mixed age and setting | 3/3 | 994 | 127 | 13 (11–15) |
Overall symptomatic cases | 15/8 | 10366 | 1181 | 11 (11–12) |
Asymptomatic controls | 7/6 | 1903 | 166 | 9 (8–10) |
LMIC | ||||
<5 years inpatient | 30/13 | 13228 | 2294 | 17 (17–18) |
<5 years outpatient | 8/4 | 1058 | 123 | 12 (10–14) |
<18 years inpatient | 6/6 | 1603 | 142 | 9 (8–10) |
Mixed age and setting | 14/10 | 9969 | 1401 | 14 (13–15) |
Overall symptomatic cases | 49/21 | 25922 | 3977 | 15 (15–16) |
Asymptomatic controls | 16/11 | 3407 | 257 | 8 (8–10) |
Setting | Norovirus Positives | GI n (%) | GII n (%) | GI + GII n (%) | GIV * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LIC | |||||
Symptomatic | 694 | 82 (11.8) | 606 (87.3) | 6 (0.9) | nt |
Asymptomatic | 139 | 30 (21.6) | 108 (77.7) | 1 (0.7) | nt |
LMIC | |||||
Symptomatic | 3169 | 425 (13.4) | 2642 (83.4) | 86 (2.7) | 16 (0.5) |
Asymptomatic | 136 | 33 (24) | 99 (73) | 4 (3) | 0 |
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Mans, J. Norovirus Infections and Disease in Lower-Middle- and Low-Income Countries, 1997–2018. Viruses 2019, 11, 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11040341
Mans J. Norovirus Infections and Disease in Lower-Middle- and Low-Income Countries, 1997–2018. Viruses. 2019; 11(4):341. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11040341
Chicago/Turabian StyleMans, Janet. 2019. "Norovirus Infections and Disease in Lower-Middle- and Low-Income Countries, 1997–2018" Viruses 11, no. 4: 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11040341
APA StyleMans, J. (2019). Norovirus Infections and Disease in Lower-Middle- and Low-Income Countries, 1997–2018. Viruses, 11(4), 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11040341