Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Members of the Order Bunyavirales
2.1. Family Nairoviridae, Genus Orthonairovirus
2.2. Family Peribunyaviridae, Genus Orthobunyavirus
2.3. Family Phenuiviridae, Genus Phlebovirus
2.4. Unclassified Bunyaviruses
3. Members of the Family Flaviviridae
3.1. Dengue Virus
3.2. Japanese Encephalitis Virus
3.3. St. Louis Encephalitis Virus
3.4. West Nile Virus
3.5. Yellow Fever Virus
3.6. Zika Virus
3.7. Other Members in Family Flaviviridae and Pan-Flavivirus Surveillance
4. Members of the Family Reoviridae
5. Members of the Genus Alphavirus (Family: Togaviridae)
5.1. Chikungunya
5.2. EEEV/VEEV/WEEV
5.3. Other Emerging Alphaviruses
6. Relationships between Bats and Arthropods
6.1. Mosquitoes
6.2. Bat Flies
6.3. Bat Bugs and other Arthropods in Family Cimicidae
6.4. Acari (Ticks and Mites)
6.5. Other Bat-Arthropod Associations
7. Additional Considerations
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family | Virus | Virus Isolation/ Molecular Evidence | Serologic Evidence | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nairoviridae, genus Orthonairovirus | Ahun virus | Myotis mystacinus, Pipistrellus pipstrellus | [34] | |
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHF) | Rousettus aegyptiacus, Coleura afra, Hipposideros cf. caffer, Miniopterus inflatus, Hipposideros gigas, Eidolon helvum, Epomops franqueti, Hypsignathus monstrosus, Micropteropus pusillus, Myonycteris torquata, Myotis dasycneme, Myotis daubentonii, Myotis blythii, Nyctalus noctula Unidentified species (France) | [15,16,17] | ||
Gossas (GOSV) | Tadarida sp. | [35] | ||
Issyk-Kul (IKV) | Nyctalus noctula, Myotis blythii, Vespertilio serotinus; Argasid ticks collected from Vespertilio pipstrellus, V. serotinus, Nyactulus noctula, and Myotis blythii | [35,36] | ||
Kasokero (KKOV) | Rousettus aegyptiacus | [35,37,38] | ||
Keterah (KTRV) | Tick larvae (Argus pusillus) collected from Scotophilus temmincki | [39] | ||
Leopards Hill (LPHV) | Hipposideros gigas | [35,40] | ||
Uzun Agach (UAV) | Myotis blythii | [41] | ||
Yogue (YOGV) | Rousettus aegyptiacus | [32,35,38] | ||
Peribunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus | Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) | Myotis lucifugus, Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Mops condylurus | Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Mops condylurus | [42,43,44,45,46] |
Bimiti virus (BIMV) | Anoura geoffroyi, Carollia perspicillata, Phyllostomus hastatus, Pteronotus parnellii, Natalus tumidirostrus | [25] | ||
California encephalitis virus (CEV) | Myotis keenii | [47] | ||
Catú virus (CATUV) | Molossus obscurus | Anoura geoffroyi, Carollia perspicillata, Phyllostomus hastatus | [25] | |
Guama virus (GMAV) | Unidentified bat | Anoura geoffroyi, Phyllostomus hastatus, Artibeus literatus | [25,32] | |
Kaeng Khoi Virus (KKV) | Chaerephon plicata | Taphazous theobaldi, Chaerephon plicata | [21,22,48,49] | |
Manzanilla virus (MANV) | Molossus ater | [25] | ||
Nepuyo virus (NEPV) | Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus literatus | Artibeus jamaicensis, Phyllostomus hastatus | [24,25] | |
Oriboca virus (ORIV) | Artibeus literatus | [25] | ||
Restan virus (RESV) | Artibeus literatus, Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia perspicillata | [25] | ||
Phenuiviridae, genus Phlebovirus | Malsoor virus | Rousettus leschenaultia | [50] | |
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) | Miniopterus schreibersii, Eptesicus capensis, Micropteropus pusillus, Hipposideros abae, Hipposideros caffer, Epomops franqueti, Glauconycteris argentata | Rousettus aegyptiacus, Epomophorus labiatus | [1,27,29,51,52,53] | |
Toscana virus (TOSV) | Pipistrellus kuhli | [54,55] | ||
Unclassified | Bangui virus (BGIV) | Unidentified bat | [31] | |
Mojuí dos Campos virus (MDCV) | Unidentified bat | [32,33] |
Virus | Virus Isolation/ Molecular Evidence | Serologic Evidence | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Banzi virus (BANV) | Eidolon helvum, Epomophorus anuras, Miniopterus schreibersii, Tadarida pumila, Mops condylurus | [44] | |
Bussuquara virus (BSQV) | Artibeus jamaicensis | [66] | |
Central European encephalitis virus | Unidentified bat | [1] | |
Dengue virus (DENV) | Desmodus rotundus, Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia brevicauda, Myotis nigricans, Glossophaga soricina, Artibeus literatus, Artibeus planirostris, Carollia perspicillata, Myotis lucifugus, Artibeus intermedius, Molossus sinaloae, Molossus pretiosus, Rhogeessa bickhami, Molossus rufus, Eumops glaucinus | Myotis nigricans, Pteronotus parnellii, Natalus stramineus, Artibejus jamaicensis, Artibeus spp., Uroderma spp., Molossus spp., Chaerephon pumilus, Mops condylurus, Anoura geoffroyi, Artibeus cinereus, Artibeus literatus, Carollia perspicillata, Molossus ater, Molossus molossus, Phyllostomus hastatus, Pteronotus davyi, Pteronotus parnellii, Sturnira spp., Pteropus gouldii, Pteropus giganteus, Glossophaga soricina, Artibeus intermedius, Molossus sinaloae, Rhogeessa io, Molossus pretiosus, Balantiopteryx plicata, Molossus rufus, Rhogeessa bickhami, Epomophorus labiatus | [25,29,57,59,60,61,62,63,65,78,97,100,101,102] |
Ilheus virus (ILHV) | Anoura geoffroyi, Phyllostomus hastatus, Pteronotus davyi, Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus literatus, Desmodus rotundus, Molossus ater | [25] | |
Japanese encephalitis virus (JBEV) | Murina aurata, Rousettus leschenaultia, Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Pipistrellus subflavus, Pipistrellus abramus, Tadarida brasiliensis, Hipposideros armiger terasensis, Miniopterus fuliginosus, Rhinolophus cornutus, Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus cornutus, Pteropus alecto, Cynopterus sphinx | Rousettus leschenaultia, Taphozous melanopogon, Miniopterus fuliginosus, Myotis macrodactylus, Miniopterus shreibersii, Eptesicus fuscus, Pteropus alecto, Pteropus goldii, Pteropus scapulatus, Genera Hipposideros and Miniopterus, Pteropus giganteus, Murina leucogaster, Megaderma lyra, Cynopterus sphynx, Myotis mystacinus, Pipistrellus abramus, Plecotus auritus, Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, Vespertilio superans, Hipposideros armiger, Hipposideros pomona, Hipposideros speoris, Hipposideros bicolor, Hipposideros cineraceus, Rhinolophus cornutus, Rhinolophus rouxi, Rousettus leschenaultia, Miniopterus schreibersii, Pipistrellus abramus, Rhinolophus macrotus, undetermined species | [32,67,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,87,103,104,105,106] |
Jugra virus (JUGV) | Cynopterus brachyotis | [32] | |
Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV) | Rhinolophus rouxi, Cynopterus sphinx | Rousettus leschenaultii, Cynopterus sphinx, Pteropus giganteus, Rhinolophus rouxi | [107,108,109] |
Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) | Eptesicus pumilus, Pteropus gouldi, Pteropus scapulatus, Pteropus spp. | [78,102,110,111] | |
Ntaya virus (NTAV) | Eidolon helvum, Rousettus sp. | [43,46] | |
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) | Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Tadarida brasiliensis | Artibeus intermedius, Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus literatus, Artibeus phaeotis, Glossophaga soricina, Molossus major, Phyllostomus hastatus, Sturnira lilium, Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Molossus ater, Anoura geoffroyi, Carollia perspicillata, Molossus molossus, Natalus tumidirostris, Pteronotus davyi, Pteronotus parnellii, Tadarida brasiliensis, Sturnira spp. | [25,69,69,85,87,88,97,103,112,113,114,115,116] |
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) | Myotis myotis, Barbastella barbastellus, Plecotus auritus | Barbastella barbastellus, Myotis myotis, Plecotus auritus, Rhinolophus hipposideros | [117,118,119] |
Israel turkey meningoencephalitis (ITV) | Rousettus aegyptiacus | [120] | |
Uganda S virus (UGSV) | Unspecified | [121] | |
Usutu virus (USUV) | Rousettus aegyptiacus | Eidolon helvum, Rousettus sp. | [43,46] |
West Nile virus (WNV) | Rousettus leschenaultia, Rousettus aegyptiacus | Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugas, Myotis septentrionalis, Eidolon helvum, Epomophorous minor, Pteropus scapulatus, Mops condylurus, Glossophaga soricina, Tadarida pumila, Rousettus sp., Rousettus aegyptiacus, Undetermined species, Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus literatus | [29,43,44,46,78,86,90,97,120,121,122] |
Yellow fever virus (YFV) | Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Mops condylurus, Epomophorus sp., Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus | Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Phyllostomus hastatus, Artibeus cinereus, Artibeus jamaicensus, Artibeus literatus, Carollia perspicillata, Glossophaga soricina, Molossus ater, Molossus molossus, Phyllostomus hastatus, Pteronotus davyi, Pteronotus parnellii, Vampyrops helleri, Mops condylurus, Tadarida pumila, Epomophorus sp., Rousettus sp. | [25,29,43,44,45,46,68,121,123,124,125,126] |
Zika virus (ZIKAV) | Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Rousettus angolensis | Undetermined species, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Mops condylurus, Tadarida pumila, Eidolon helvum, Rousettus sp., Unspecified | [43,44,46,75,121] |
Genus | Virus | Virus Isolation/ Molecular Evidence | Serologic Evidence | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Coltivirus | Taï Forest reovirus (TFRV) | Chaerephon aloysiisabaudiae | [127] | |
Orbivirus | Bukakata (BUKV) | Rousettus aegyptiacus | [129] | |
Elsey virus (PHSV) | Pteropus spp. | [131] | ||
Fomede (FOMV) | Nycteris nana, Nycteris gambiensis | [52,132,133,134] | ||
Heramatsu virus | Myotis macrodactylus | [135,136] | ||
Ife (IFEV) | Eidolon helvum | [137,138] | ||
Japanaut (JAPV) | Syconycteris crassa | [139,140] | ||
Matucare virus (MATV) | Genera Myotis and Noctilio | [141] |
Virus | Virus Isolation/ Molecular Evidence | Serologic Evidence | References |
---|---|---|---|
Babanki virus (BBKV) | Epomophorus labiatus, Rousettus aegyptiacus | [29] | |
Chikungunya (CHIKV) | Eptesicus fuscus, Rousettus leschenaultia, Pteropus giganteus, Scotophilus sp., Rousettus aegyptiacus, Chaerephon pumilus | Artibeus literatus, Artibeus jamaicensis, Pteropus giganteus, Megaderma lyra Hipposideros cafer undetermined species | [1,44,60,66,75,143,150,151,152,153] |
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) | Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis keenii | Artibeus intermedius, Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus literatus, Glossophaga soricina, Rhynchonycteris naso, Sturnira lilium, Carollia perspicillata, Phyllostomus hastatus, Vampyrops helleri, Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis keenii | [25,44,47,67,112,146,154,155] |
Mucambo virus (MUCV) | Molossus ater, Phyllostomus hastatus, Carollia perspicillata | [25,156] | |
O’Nyong Nyong virus (ONNV) | Rousettus aegyptiacus, Chaerephon pumila | Kading, pers comm | |
Ross River virus (RRV) | Pteropus poliocephalus | Pteropus poliocephalus, Pteropus scapulatus, undetermined species | [75,149,157] |
Sindbis virus (SINV) | Rhinolophidae sp., Hipposiderae sp., Myotis lucifugus, Eidolon helvum | [1,43,158,159] | |
Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) | Myotis lucifugus, Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Mops condylurus | Eidolon helvum, Rousettus aegyptiacus, Mops condylurus | [42,43,44,158] |
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) | Carollia perspicillata, Eptesicus fuscus, Artibeus planirostris, Sturnira lilium, Artibeus turpis, Desmodus rotundus, Artibeus literatus, Artibeus literatus, Carollia sowelli, Sturnira parvidens, Glossophaga soricina, Uroderma bilobatum, Artibeus phaeotis, Pipistrellus subflavus, Plecotus townsendii | Artibeus sp., Carollia brevicauda, Carollia subrufa, Carollia perspicillata, Desmodus rotundus, Glossophaga soricina, Noctilio leporinus, Sturnira lilium, Sturnira ludovici, Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus literatus, Phyllostomus discolor | [1,32,66,88,89,112,160,161,162,163,164,165] |
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) | Artibeus jamaicensis | [166] |
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Fagre, A.C.; Kading, R.C. Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses? Viruses 2019, 11, 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030215
Fagre AC, Kading RC. Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses? Viruses. 2019; 11(3):215. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030215
Chicago/Turabian StyleFagre, Anna C., and Rebekah C. Kading. 2019. "Can Bats Serve as Reservoirs for Arboviruses?" Viruses 11, no. 3: 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030215