Bovine Foamy Virus: Shared and Unique Molecular Features In Vitro and In Vivo
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Specific Topics and Highlights in BFV Biology and Virus-Host Interaction
2.1. Historic View
2.2. Excellent, Well Established Non-Primate FV Model of Transactivation, Gene Expression and Gene Function
2.2.1. Function of Tas
2.2.2. Function of Bet
2.2.3. Function and Localization of Gag
2.3. BFV-Host Interactions: Restriction Factors, Innate Immunity, miRNAs and Tight Cell Association
2.3.1. Restriction Factors
2.3.2. Innate Immunity
2.3.3. miRNA Expression as an Additional Layer to Control Host Gene Expression and Innate Immunity
2.3.4. Highly Cell-Associated Spread, at Least in Cell Cultures—What Is Behind This Phenotype?
2.4. BFV-Host Interactions at the Organismal and Populational Level
2.4.1. BFV Epidemiology and Naturally Occurring Co-Infections
2.4.2. BFV Transmission Route
2.4.3. Interspecies and Zoonotic Transmission of BFV as Part of the Human Food Chain
2.4.4. BFV Replication in Naturally and Experimentally Infected Animals
2.5. Utilization of BFV as Viral Vector for Translational Applications
3. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subject/Topic | References |
---|---|
BFV as a well-established infection model in life-stock animals (cattle and sheep) | [13,14] |
BFV as the only known FV in the general human food chain (beef and dairy products) | [15,16] |
BFV Riems as the only FV passaged exclusively on primary and homologous host cells | [17,18] |
Integrase domain: disrupted HH-CC zinc finger and unique sequence insertion into the extreme C-terminus | [19] |
Detailed understanding of gene expression and transactivation of a non-simian FV | [20,21] |
RNA Pol III miRNAs, unique precursor structure and their functions | [14,22,23] |
Extremely tight cell association and identification of residues critical for this phenotype | [24,25,26] |
Detailed understanding of new restriction factors against FVs | [27] |
Broad tissue tropism and gene expression in BFV-infected calves | [5,28] |
Virus-Type | Virus Isolate * and Accession Number | Number of Dumbbell-Shaped miRNA Cassettes | Number of AB or BB Boxes |
---|---|---|---|
BFV | BFV_Riems [22]; JX307862.1 | 1 | 0 |
BFV_100; JX307861.1 | 1 | 0 | |
BFV_11; U94514.1 | 1 | 0 | |
BFV_3026; AY134750.1 | 1 | 0 | |
EFV | EFV; AF201902.1 | 1 | 0 |
FFV | FFV Chatul-3; AJ564746.1 | 4 | 4 |
FFV F17; U85043.1 | 4 | 4 | |
FFV FUV; NC_039242.1 | 4 | 4 | |
FFVPco; KC292054.1 | 3 | 3 | |
HFV | HFV; U21247.1 | 1 | 0 |
HSRV1; Y07723.1 | 1 | 0 | |
HSRV2; Y07724.1 | 1 | 0 | |
PFV; Y07725.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV | SFV_AG15; JQ867462.1 | 1 | 0 |
SFVagm; NC_010820.1 [112] | 2 | 1 | |
SFV_AXX; EU010385.1 | 5 | 3 | |
SFV_BAD327; JQ867463.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_BAD468; JQ867465.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_BAK74; JQ867464.1 | 0 | 0 | |
SFV_CAE_FV2014; MF582544.1 | 2 | 1 | |
SFV_CAE_LK3; M74895.1 | 2 | 1 | |
SFV_CJA; GU356395.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_CNI; JQ867466.1 | 3 | 1 | |
SFV_CPZ; U04327.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_GOR; HM245790.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_MAC; X54482.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_MCY; KF026286.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_MFA; LC094267.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_MFU; AB923518.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_MMU; MF280817.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_OCR; KM233624.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_ORA; NC_039085.1 | 2 | 1 | |
SFV_PPY; AJ544579.1 | 3 | 2 | |
SFV_PSC; KX087159 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_PVE; NC_001364.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_SSC; GU356394.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV_SXA; KP143760.1 | 1 | 0 | |
SFV-6; L25422 | 1 | 1 |
miRNA Name | Human and Bovine miRNA with Seed Identity |
---|---|
SFVagm -S2-5p | hsa-miR-28-5p, hsa-miR-3139, hsa-miR-708-5p |
SFVagm -S3-5p | hsa-miR-4739, hsa-miR-4756-5p, hsa-miR-1321 |
SFVagm -S4-3p | hsa-miR-155-5p |
SFVagm -S6-3p | hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-212-3p |
SFVagm -S7-5p | hsa-miR-3154 |
BFV Riems miR-BF1-3p | bta-miR-125a, bta-miR-125b, bta-miR-670 |
BFV Riems miR-BF1-5p | bta-miR-3957 |
BFV Riems miR-BF2-5p | bta-miR-199a-3p |
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Materniak-Kornas, M.; Tan, J.; Heit-Mondrzyk, A.; Hotz-Wagenblatt, A.; Löchelt, M. Bovine Foamy Virus: Shared and Unique Molecular Features In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2019, 11, 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11121084
Materniak-Kornas M, Tan J, Heit-Mondrzyk A, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Löchelt M. Bovine Foamy Virus: Shared and Unique Molecular Features In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses. 2019; 11(12):1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11121084
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaterniak-Kornas, Magdalena, Juan Tan, Anke Heit-Mondrzyk, Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt, and Martin Löchelt. 2019. "Bovine Foamy Virus: Shared and Unique Molecular Features In Vitro and In Vivo" Viruses 11, no. 12: 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11121084