Viruses in the Invasive Hornet Vespa velutina
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Asian Hornet and Honey Bee Sampling
2.2. RNA Extraction
2.3. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)
2.4. General Analysis of Viral Content
2.5. Analysis of Viral Genomes
2.6. Phylogenetic Analysis
2.7. RT-PCR
3. Results
3.1. Virus Discovery from RNAseq Experiments
3.2. DWV-B is Highly Prevalent in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Hornets
3.3. Six Other Bee-Associated Viruses Detected in Hornets by RNAseq
3.4. Eleven Other Insect Viruses Detected in Hornets from RNAseq
3.5. Viral Polymorphism Study Confirmed Genuine Hornet Infections
3.6. Distribution of Bee-Associated Viruses in Hornets Detected by Multiplex RT-PCR
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Number of Read Pairs | Number of Contigs | Total Size of Contigs (in Nucleotides) | Read Alignment Rate (*) | Pair Alignment Rate (*) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
159M | 41,650,349 | 85,968 | 44,138,196 | 99.35% | 71.34% |
144I | 50,537,821 | 468,927 | 276,819,205 | 98.44% | 41.19% |
140M | 49,181,345 | 420,974 | 246,505,091 | 98.81% | 51.54% |
140C | 49,526,919 | 820,766 | 374,354,293 | 99.08% | 62.55% |
Library | Virus Acronym | Virus Name | Family | Genus | Genome | Number of. Contig (s) Assembled | Contig(s) size | Expected Full-Length Genome Size (kb) | % Missing Genome | Coverage of Assembled Contigs * | Coverage of a Full-Length Expected Genome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
159M | DWV-B | Deformed wing virus type B | Iflaviridae | Iflavirus | Nearly full-length | 1 | 9434 | 10.1 | 6.7 | 11.1 | 10.4 |
140C | na | Vespa velutina associated acypi-like virus | unclassified | unclassified | Full-length | 1 | 9872 | 10 | 0 | 535.1 | 535.1 |
DWV-B | Deformed wing virus type B | Iflaviridae | Iflavirus | Nearly full-length | 4 | 9665 | 10.1 | 4.1 | 8.5 | 8.2 | |
KBV | Kashmir bee virus | Dicistroviridae | Aparavirus | Partial | 16 | 3536 | 9.5 | 62.9 | 1.9 | 0.7 | |
140M | na | Vespa velutina associated acypi-like virus | unclassified | unclassified | Full-length | 1 | 9962 | 10 | 0 | 1186 | 1186 |
DWV-B | Deformed wing virus type B | Iflaviridae | Iflavirus | Nearly full-length | 2 | 10000 | 10.1 | 0.8 | 13.2 | 13.2 | |
na | Vespa velutina associated triato-like virus | Dicistroviridae | Triatovirus | Partial | 4 | 2380 | 9.3 | 74.3 | 4.5 | 1.2 | |
144I | DWV-B | Deformed wing virus type B | Iflaviridae | Iflavirus | Full-length | 1 | 10113 | 10.1 | 0 | 110,316.3 | 110,316.3 |
na | Vespa velutina associated acypi-like virus | unclassified | unclassified | Full-length | 1 | 9748 | 10 | 0 | 122 | 122 | |
ABPV | Acute bee paralysis virus | Dicistroviridae | Aparavirus | Full-length | 1 | 9474 | 9.5 | 0 | 1794.6 | 1794.6 | |
BQCV | Black queen cell virus | Dicistroviridae | Triatovirus | Full-length | 1 | 8464 | 8.6 | 0 | 268.4 | 268.4 | |
na | Vespa velutina associated Menton virus | unclassified | unclassified | Full-length segment 1 | 1 | 3031 | 2.8 (seg.1) | 0 (Seg 2 missing: 1.5kb) | 316.7 | 316.7 | |
na | Vespa velutina associated ifla-like virus | unclassified | unclassified | Full-length | 1 | 10023 | 9.9 | 0 | 19.5 | 19.5 | |
na | Vespa velutina associated permutotetra-like virus 1 | unclassified | unclassified | Full-length | 1 | 4851 | 4.8 | 0 | 34.7 | 34.7 | |
na | Vespa velutina associated permutotetra-like virus 2 | unclassified | unclassified | Full-length | 1 | 4742 | 4.8 | 0 | 11.7 | 11.7 | |
na | Vespa velutina associated partiti-like virus 1 | Partitiviridae | unclassified | Full-length segment 1 | 1 | 1779 | 1.7 | 0 (Seg 2 missing: 1.7 kb) | 1082.5 | 1082.5 | |
na | Vespa velutina associated partiti-like virus 2 | Partitiviridae | unclassified | Full-length segment 1 | 1 | 1415 | 1.4 | 0 (Seg 2 missing: 1.7 kb) | 44.6 | 44.6 | |
na | Vespa velutina associated partiti-like virus 3 | Partitiviridae | unclassified | Full-length segment 1 | 1 | 1417 | 1.4 | 0 (Seg 2 missing: 1.7 kb) | 100.3 | 100.3 | |
na | Vespa velutina associated partiti-like virus 4 | Partitiviridae | unclassified | Partial segment 1 | 1 | 467 | 1.5 | Seg1: 63.2 (Seg 2 missing: 1.7 kb) | 6.2 | 1.9 | |
na | Vespa velutina associated nora-like virus | unclassified | unclassified | Partial | 1 | 1406 | 8 | 17.5 | 6.6 | 1.2 | |
na | Vespa velutina associated triato-like virus | Dicistroviridae | Triatovirus | Partial | 3 | 3149 | 9.3 | 66 | 4.9 | 1.6 | |
ALPV | Aphid lethal paralysis virus | Dicistroviridae | Cripavirus | Partial | 20 | 4186 | 9.8 | 57.4 | 2 | 0.9 | |
na | Moku virus | Iflaviridae | Iflavirus | Partial | 23 | 6232 | 10.1 | 38 | 2 | 1.3 | |
BMLV | Bee Macula-like virus | Tymoviridae | na | Partial | 13 | 3102 | 6.3 | 50.3 | 2.4 | 1.2 | |
DWV-C | Deformed wing virus type C | Iflaviridae | Iflavirus | Partial | 15 | 3292 | 10.1 | 64.9 | 9,634.2 | 3,377 |
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Dalmon, A.; Gayral, P.; Decante, D.; Klopp, C.; Bigot, D.; Thomasson, M.; Herniou, E.A.; Alaux, C.; Le Conte, Y. Viruses in the Invasive Hornet Vespa velutina. Viruses 2019, 11, 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11111041
Dalmon A, Gayral P, Decante D, Klopp C, Bigot D, Thomasson M, Herniou EA, Alaux C, Le Conte Y. Viruses in the Invasive Hornet Vespa velutina. Viruses. 2019; 11(11):1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11111041
Chicago/Turabian StyleDalmon, Anne, Philippe Gayral, Damien Decante, Christophe Klopp, Diane Bigot, Maxime Thomasson, Elisabeth A Herniou, Cédric Alaux, and Yves Le Conte. 2019. "Viruses in the Invasive Hornet Vespa velutina" Viruses 11, no. 11: 1041. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11111041