Genetic, Molecular, and Pathogenic Characterization of the H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Currently Circulating in South China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cells and Pigs
2.2. Swabs Collection and Virus Isolation
2.3. Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
2.4. Viral Replication Kinetics in Cells
2.5. Receptor-Binding Assay
2.6. Pathogenicity in Mice
2.7. Infection of Pigs
2.8. Ethics Animal Handling
3. Results
3.1. H9N2 Viruses Form a Novel Genotype
3.2. H9N2 Viruses Effectively Replicate In Vitro
3.3. H9N2 Viruses Preferentially Bind to the α-2,6-linked SA Receptor
3.4. Virus Replication in the Lung of Mice
3.5. Virus Replication in the Turbinate of Pigs and Virus Shedding Last for Four Days
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Viruses | Cleavage Site in HA | Residues in HA (H3 Numbering) | Residues in PB2 | Residues in PB1 | Residues in PA | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I155T | H183N | A190T/V | T212I | Q226L | D253N | I292V | 588V | 591K | E627K | G685R | D701N | I368V | K356R | ||
A/chicken/Guangdong/7/2018 | PSRSSR | T | N | T | I | L | D | V | V | Q | E | G | D | V | R |
A/duck/Guangdong/4/2018 | PSRSSR | T | N | T | I | L | D | V | I | Q | E | G | D | V | R |
A/chicken/Guangdong/76/2017 | PSRSSR | I | N | T | V | L | D | V | A | Q | E | G | D | V | R |
A/chicken/Guangdong/93/2017 | PSRSSR | T | N | T | I | L | D | V | V | Q | E | G | D | V | R |
A/chicken/Guangdong/237/2017 | PSRSSR | T | N | A | I | L | D | V | T | Q | E | G | D | V | R |
A/chicken/Guangdong/355/2017 | PSRSSR | T | N | T | I | L | D | V | V | Q | E | G | D | V | R |
A/chicken/Guangdong/384/2017 | PSRSSR | T | N | T | I | L | D | V | V | Q | E | G | D | V | R |
A/chicken/Guangdong/728/2017 | PSRSSR | T | N | T | I | L | D | V | I | Q | E | G | D | V | R |
Virus | Lung | Spleen | Kidney | Brain |
---|---|---|---|---|
SW19/16 | 5.83 ± 0.42 | ND | ND | ND |
CK7/18 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
DK4/18 | 5.50 ± 0.20 | ND | ND | ND |
CK76/17 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
CK93/17 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
CK237/17 | 1.08 ± 1.53 | ND | ND | ND |
CK355/17 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
CK384/17 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
CK728/17 | 0.58 ± 0.82 | ND | ND | ND |
PBS | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Virus | Mouse 1 | Mouse 2 | Mouse 3 | Mouse 4 | Mouse 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SW19/16 | 80 | 160 | 80 | 80 | 80 |
CK7/18 | 160 | 160 | 160 | 80 | 80 |
DK4/18 | 320 | 320 | 320 | 640 | 320 |
CK76/17 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 |
CK93/17 | 80 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 20 |
CK237/17 | 80 | 160 | 160 | 320 | 160 |
CK355/17 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 40 |
CK384/17 | 160 | 20 | 40 | 160 | 160 |
CK728/17 | 160 | 320 | 160 | 160 | 160 |
PBS | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 | <10 |
dpi. | Inoculated Pigs | Physical Contact Pigs | Control Pigs | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pig 1 | Pig 2 | Pig 3 | Pig 4 | Pig 5 | Pig 6 | Pig 7 | Pig 8 | Pig 9 | Pig 10 | Pig 11 | Pig 12 | Pig 13 | |
7 | - | - | 40 | - | <10 | <10 | <10 | - | - | - | - | <10 | - |
14 | - | - | 160 | - | <10 | <10 | <10 | - | - | - | - | <10 | - |
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Sun, H.; Lin, J.; Liu, Z.; Yu, Y.; Wu, M.; Li, S.; Liu, Y.; Feng, Y.; Wu, Y.; Li, M.; et al. Genetic, Molecular, and Pathogenic Characterization of the H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Currently Circulating in South China. Viruses 2019, 11, 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11111040
Sun H, Lin J, Liu Z, Yu Y, Wu M, Li S, Liu Y, Feng Y, Wu Y, Li M, et al. Genetic, Molecular, and Pathogenic Characterization of the H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Currently Circulating in South China. Viruses. 2019; 11(11):1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11111040
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Hailiang, Jiate Lin, Zhiting Liu, Yanan Yu, Meihua Wu, Shuo Li, Yang Liu, Yaling Feng, Yuqian Wu, Mingliang Li, and et al. 2019. "Genetic, Molecular, and Pathogenic Characterization of the H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses Currently Circulating in South China" Viruses 11, no. 11: 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11111040