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Article

Reconstructing the Dissemination Dynamics of the Major HIV-1 Subtype B Non-Pandemic Lineage Circulating in Brazil

by
Ighor Arantes
1,
Myuki Alfaia Esashika Crispim
2,
Mônica Nogueira da Guarda Reis
3,
Mariane Martins Araújo Stefani
3 and
Gonzalo Bello
1,*
1
Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
2
Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas/HEMOAM, Manaus 69050-001, Brazil
3
Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74605-450, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2019, 11(10), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100909
Submission received: 29 July 2019 / Revised: 26 August 2019 / Accepted: 28 August 2019 / Published: 1 October 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)
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Abstract

Non-pandemic variants of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B accounts for a significant fraction of HIV infections in several Caribbean islands, Northeastern South American countries and the Northern Brazilian states of Roraima and Amazonas. In this paper, we used a comprehensive dataset of HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences sampled in Amazonas and Roraima between 2007 and 2017 to reconstruct the phylogeographic and demographic dynamics of the major HIV-1 subtype B non-pandemic Brazilian lineage, designated as BCAR-BR-I. Our analyses revealed that its origin could be traced to one of many viral introductions from French Guiana and Guyana into Northern Brazil, which probably occurred in the state of Amazonas around the late 1970s. The BCAR-BR-I clade was rapidly disseminated from Amazonas to Roraima, and the epidemic grew exponentially in these Northern Brazilian states during the 1980s and 1990s, coinciding with a period of economic and fast population growth in the region. The spreading rate of the BCAR-BR-I clade, however, seems to have slowed down since the early 2000s, despite the continued expansion of the HIV-1 epidemic in this region in the last decade.
Keywords: HIV-1; subtype B; non-pandemic; Brazil; Caribbean; phylogeography; phylodynamics HIV-1; subtype B; non-pandemic; Brazil; Caribbean; phylogeography; phylodynamics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Arantes, I.; Esashika Crispim, M.A.; Nogueira da Guarda Reis, M.; Martins Araújo Stefani, M.; Bello, G. Reconstructing the Dissemination Dynamics of the Major HIV-1 Subtype B Non-Pandemic Lineage Circulating in Brazil. Viruses 2019, 11, 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100909

AMA Style

Arantes I, Esashika Crispim MA, Nogueira da Guarda Reis M, Martins Araújo Stefani M, Bello G. Reconstructing the Dissemination Dynamics of the Major HIV-1 Subtype B Non-Pandemic Lineage Circulating in Brazil. Viruses. 2019; 11(10):909. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100909

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arantes, Ighor, Myuki Alfaia Esashika Crispim, Mônica Nogueira da Guarda Reis, Mariane Martins Araújo Stefani, and Gonzalo Bello. 2019. "Reconstructing the Dissemination Dynamics of the Major HIV-1 Subtype B Non-Pandemic Lineage Circulating in Brazil" Viruses 11, no. 10: 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100909

APA Style

Arantes, I., Esashika Crispim, M. A., Nogueira da Guarda Reis, M., Martins Araújo Stefani, M., & Bello, G. (2019). Reconstructing the Dissemination Dynamics of the Major HIV-1 Subtype B Non-Pandemic Lineage Circulating in Brazil. Viruses, 11(10), 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100909

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