Mimiviridae: An Expanding Family of Highly Diverse Large dsDNA Viruses Infecting a Wide Phylogenetic Range of Aquatic Eukaryotes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Pionnering Work on Large Aquatic Viruses
2.2. From Acanthamoeba Polyphaga Mimivirus (APMV) to the First Marine Mimiviridae
2.3. C. Roenbergensis Virus: The Prototype of a New Subfamily within the Mimiviridae
2.4. Smaller Mimiviridae Infecting Bona Fide Microalgae: Yet Another Subfamily
2.5. Recent Isolations of New Truly Giant Mimiviridae Members
2.6. Metagenomic Contributions to the Expansion of the Mimiviridae Family
3. Discussion
3.1. Algae-Infecting Mimiviridae versus Phycodnavirididae
3.2. How to Recognize and Classify Future Members of the Mimiviridae
- A high prevalence of the strictly conserved AAAATTGA motif in the promoter regions of early transcribed genes [85].
- A high prevalence of hairpin-forming transcription termination motifs in the 3′ end of genes [86].
- The detection of a transpoviron. Transpovirons are 7-kb-long plasmid-like linear dsDNA molecules found in association with Mimivirus-relatives [88].
- The presence of a gene encoding a Mimiviridae-specific version of glutamine-dependent Asparagine synthetase (AsnS). A different, easily distinguishable homolog of this enzyme is encoded by some Prasinoviruses (e.g., OtV5) [74].
- The presence of amino-acyl tRNA synthetases (aaRS). The finding of such central components of the translational apparatus in the Mimivirus genome [2] was considered revolutionary, as the historical definition of viruses denied them the capacity to synthetize proteins [4]. Conflicting hypotheses on the evolutionary origin of these viral enzymes generated a still ongoing controversial debate. The presence of these aaRS remains a remarkable feature of the Mimiviridae, although not unique to them anymore [7]. Unfortunately, the number of virus-encoded aaRS varies greatly among the Mimiviridae members (from 0 up to 20 different ones in Tupanviruses [46]) (Table 3), which reduces the utility of their detection for classification purpose. However, the presence of aaRS in a virus genome remains a strong complementary argument for their classification within the Mimiviridae.
4. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name 1 | Accession | Genome Size (kb) | Virion Type | Virion Size (nm) | Host Phylum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mimivirus 2 | NC_014649 | 1181 | icosahedron | 750 | Amoebozoa |
Megavirus 2 | NC_016072 | 1259 | icosahedron | 680 | Amoebozoa |
Moumouvirus 2 | NC_020104 | 1021 | icosahedron | 620 | Amoebozoa |
CroV | NC_014637 | 693 | icosahedron | 300 | Heterokonta |
PgV | NC_021312 | 460 | icosahedron | 150 | Haptophyceae |
CeV | NC_028094 | 474 | icosahedron | 160 | Haptophyceae |
TetV | KY322437 | 668 | icosahedron | 240 | Chlorophyta |
BsV | MF782455 | 1386 | icosahedron | 300 | Excavata |
AaV | NC_024697 | 371 | icosahedron | 140 | Heterokonta |
TupanSL | KY523104 | 1439 | icosa. + tail | 450 + 550 | Amoebozoa |
TupanDO | MF405918 | 1516 | icosa. + tail | 450 + 550 | Amoebozoa |
Genus | Prototype | Encoded RNA pol | Genome Size (kb) | (G + C) % | Accession | Virion Ø (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorovirus | PBCV-1 | No | 330 | 40 | NC_000852 | 190 |
Coccolithovirus 1 | EhV-86 | Yes | 407 | 40.2 | NC_007346 | 180 |
Phaeovirus | EsV-1 | No | 336 | 51.7 | NC_002687 | 200 |
Prasinovirus | OtV-5 | No | 187 | 45 | NC_010191 | 120 |
Prymnesiovirus I 2 | PgV-16T | Yes | 460 | 32 | NC_021312 | 153 |
Prymnesiovirus II 2 | PgV-01T | Unknown | ≈177 | Unknown | - | 106 |
Raphidovirus | HaV-1 | No | 275 | 30.4 | KX008963 | 202 |
Name | DNA Pol B | RNA 2 Pol II | aaRS 3 | MCP 4 | MutS7 | AsnS | Transpoviron | Virophage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mimivirus | Yes | 8 | 4 | 4 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Megavirus | Yes | 8 | 7 | 4 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Moumouvirus | Yes | 8 | 5 | 4 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
CroV | Yes | 8 | 1 | 4 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
PgV | Yes | 8 | 0 | 2 | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
CeV | Yes | 8 | 0 | 3 | Yes | Yes | No | No |
TetV | Yes | 8 | 0 | 1 | Yes | No | No | No |
BsV | Yes | 7 | 2 | 4 | Yes | Yes | No | No |
AaV | Yes | 8 | 0 | 2 | Yes | No | No | No |
TupanSL | Yes | 8 | 20 | 3 | Yes | Yes | No | No |
TupanDO | Yes | 7 | 20 | 3 | Yes | Yes | No | No |
YlmV 1 | No | D | 0 | 1 | No | No | No | No |
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Claverie, J.-M.; Abergel, C. Mimiviridae: An Expanding Family of Highly Diverse Large dsDNA Viruses Infecting a Wide Phylogenetic Range of Aquatic Eukaryotes. Viruses 2018, 10, 506. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10090506
Claverie J-M, Abergel C. Mimiviridae: An Expanding Family of Highly Diverse Large dsDNA Viruses Infecting a Wide Phylogenetic Range of Aquatic Eukaryotes. Viruses. 2018; 10(9):506. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10090506
Chicago/Turabian StyleClaverie, Jean-Michel, and Chantal Abergel. 2018. "Mimiviridae: An Expanding Family of Highly Diverse Large dsDNA Viruses Infecting a Wide Phylogenetic Range of Aquatic Eukaryotes" Viruses 10, no. 9: 506. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10090506