Phage Genetic Engineering Using CRISPR–Cas Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Phage Genomes Abound with Genes of Unknown Function
3. Harnessing CRISPR–Cas for Phage Genome Engineering
3.1. Type I CRISPR–Cas Systems (CRISPR–Cas3)
3.2. Type II CRISPR–Cas Systems (CRISPR–Cas9)
3.3. Type III CRISPR–Cas Systems (CRISPR–Cas10)
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CRISPR Type | Host Organism | Phages Edited b | Mutations Introduced | Editing Efficiency c (# Desired Mutants/Total # Phages Screened) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I-E | E. coli | T7 (P) | two single gene deletions | 38% (17/44) and 42% (15/36) | [33] |
I-E | V. cholerae | ICP1_2011_A (M) | 33 nt deletion deletion of two genes gene exchange | 100% (8/8) 58% (7/12) 50% (4/8) | [34] |
II-A | S. thermophilus | 2972 (S) | point mutation 2 nt deletion single gene deletion gene exchange | 100% (10/10) 80% (8/10) 100% (10/10) ND d | [28] |
II-A | L. lactis | p2 (S) | single gene deletion point mutation 18 nt insertion | ND ND ND | [35] |
II-A | E. coli | T4 (M) | point mutations single gene deletion | 100% (20/20) 100% (5/5) | [37] |
III-A | S. epidermidis S. aureus | Andhra (P) ISP (M) | silent mutations in multiple genetic loci | 100% (20/20) at all loci tested | [36] |
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Hatoum-Aslan, A. Phage Genetic Engineering Using CRISPR–Cas Systems. Viruses 2018, 10, 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10060335
Hatoum-Aslan A. Phage Genetic Engineering Using CRISPR–Cas Systems. Viruses. 2018; 10(6):335. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10060335
Chicago/Turabian StyleHatoum-Aslan, Asma. 2018. "Phage Genetic Engineering Using CRISPR–Cas Systems" Viruses 10, no. 6: 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10060335