Clinical and Molecular Features of Feline Foamy Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus Co-Infection in Naturally-Infected Cats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimen Collection
2.2. Demographic and Clinical Variable Description
2.3. Specimen Processing and Genomic DNA Extraction
2.4. Serological Screening of FIV and FeLV
2.5. Detection of FFV, FIV and FeLV Using Nested PCR
2.6. FFV Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
2.7. FeLV qPCR
2.8. Classification of FFV and FeLV Infections
2.9. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Population Profile
3.2. FIV and FeLV Infection of Domestic Cats
3.3. PCR Detection and Quantification of FFV
3.4. FeLV Viral Load Quantification
3.5. Characteristics of Cats with Feline Retrovirus Co-Infection
3.6. Association of FFV and FeLV Infection with Clinical Signs
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus | Genomic Region | Name | Sense | Primer Sequence (5′-3′) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FFV | LTR | FFV LTR out | 1st forward | TGCACAGGAAGCTCCTTTAGGGTA | Designed herein |
789(rev) | 1st and 2nd reverse | TCCCCACGTGTAGAGAAACACCACTC | [43] | ||
788(fow) | 2nd forward | TGTACGGGAGCTCTTCTCACAGACTTGGC | [43] | ||
glycoprotein/ | FFV_F1 | 1st forward | CCTCGGGTCCAAACACAGCC | Designed herein | |
polymerase | FFV_R1 | 1st reverse | CCAAGGTACATCTCCAGG | Designed herein | |
(gag/pol) | FUV2610s | 2nd forward | AACAGCAACACTCTGATGTTCCCG | [44] | |
FUV3107a | 2nd reverse | ATATACATCTCCTTCCTGCGTTCC | [44] | ||
integrase (int) | SIF5N_mod a | 1st forward | TACATGGTTATACCCCACKAAGGCTC | [10] | |
SIR1NN | 1st and 2nd reverse | GTTTTATYTCCYTGTTTTTCCTYTCCA | [10] | ||
SIP4N | 2nd forward | TGCATTCCGATCAAGGATCAGCATT | [10] | ||
envelope | env-f2 | 1st forward | GCTACTTCTACTAGAATAATGTTTTGGATA | [45] | |
env-r2 | 1st reverse | AGCCACAGTAGTAATTGCATTGGCCAGGCC | [45] | ||
env-f3 | 2nd forward | GCTTTCAAAAATATGGACATTGTTATGTTA | [45] | ||
env-r3 | 2nd reverse | GTTTCTCCAAAATCTGCAAGCATATGGATG | [45] | ||
FIV | reverse | RT out F | 1st forward | GGAGTAGGAGGAGGAAAAAGAGGAAC | [46] |
transcriptase (RT) | RT out R | 1st reverse | GCCCATCCACTTATATGGGGGC | [46] | |
RT int F | 2nd forward | GGGCCTCAGGTAAAACAGTGGC | [46] | ||
RT int R | 2nd reverse | GTCTTCCGGGGTTTCAAATCCCCAC | [46] | ||
FeLV | envelope | Env Fow (1689 bp) | Forward | TCTATGTTAGGAACCTTAACCGATG | [47] |
Env Rev (1689 bp) | Reverse | CAGAATATCTGTGGTAC AAGCCTTAA | [47] | ||
Env Fow (437 bp) | Forward sequencing | GCYTGGTGGGTCTTAGGAA | [47] | ||
Env Rev (437 bp) | Reverse sequencing | AACARAAGTAAAGACTGTTGG | [47] |
Category | Number (%) | FFV Mono-Infected (%) | FeLV Mono-Infected (%) | FFV/FeLV Co-Infected (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 81 (100) | 26 (32) | 8 (10) | 38 (47) |
Gender (n = 81) | ||||
Female | 40 (49) | 11 (28) | 3 (8) | 22 (55) |
Male | 41 (51) | 15 (37) | 5 (12) | 16 (39) |
Age group (n = 79) | ||||
Kitten | 18 (23) | 8 (44) | 0 (0) | 7 (38) |
Young | 16 (20) | 5 (31) | 0 (0) | 8 (50) |
Adult | 45 (57) | 13 (29) | 7 (16) | 22 (49) |
Neutered status (n = 66) | ||||
Neutered/spayed | 35 (53) | 8 (23) | 3 (8) | 20 (57) |
Intact | 31 (47) | 13 (42) | 3 (10) | 11 (31) |
Household status (n = 78) | ||||
Single | 2 (2.6) | 1 (50) | 0 (0) | 1 (50) |
Multi-cat | 21 (27) | 2 (10) | 3 (14) | 11 (52) |
Shelter | 12 (15) | 1 (8) | 2 (17) | 9 (75) |
Feral | 43 (55) | 21 (49) | 2 (5) | 16 (37) |
Outdoor Access (n = 29) | ||||
Yes | 9 (31) | 0 (0) | 3 (33) | 5 (56) |
No | 20 (69) | 4 (20) | 1 (5) | 12 (60) |
Health status (n = 81) | ||||
Healthy | 27 (34) | 8 (30) | 2 (7) | 11 (41) |
Sick | 52 (66) | 18 (35) | 5 (10) | 26 (50) |
Virus | Category | Household (n = 35) | Feral (n = 43) | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
FeLV | Seropositive only | 3/35 (9%) | 2/43 (5%) | 5/81* (6%) |
PCR-positive only | 4/35 (11%) | 1/43 (2%) | 5/81* (6%) | |
PCR-negative and seropositive | 9/35 (26%) | 8/43 (19%) | 17/81* (21%) | |
PCR-negative and seronegative | 19/35 (54%) | 32/43 (74%) | 51/81*(63%) | |
Total FeLV infections | 16/35 (46%) | 11/43 (26%) | 27/81* (33%) | |
FIV | PCR-positive | 0/35 | 1/43 (2%) | 1/81* (1%) |
Seropositive | 1/35 (3%) | 1/43 (2%) | 2/81* (2%) | |
Total FIV infections | 1/35 (3%) | 2/43 (4.7%) | 3/81* (3.7%) |
Fragment | PBMC (%) | Buccal (%) |
---|---|---|
long terminal repeat (LTR) | 15/79 b (19) | 0/67 b (0) |
gag/polymerase (pol) | 27/81 (33) | 13/68 (19) |
Integrase | 14/81 (17) | 9/68 (13) |
Envelope | 19/81 (23) | 1/43 b (2) |
Nested FFV PCR-positive cats a | 33/81 (41) | 19/68 (28) |
FFV qPCR-positive cats | 53/73 (73) | 19/64 (30) |
Total FFV-positive cats | 62/81 (77) | 31/68 (46) |
Factor | Category | FeLV Co-Infection Prevalence | Odds Ratio | 95%CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female | 0.67 (22/33) | 1.87 | 0.683–5.148 | 0.223 |
Male | 0.52 (16/31) | Reference | - | - | |
Age | Adult | 0.63 (22/35) | 1.47 | 0.534–4.03 | 0.458 |
Non-adult | 0.53 (15/28) | Reference | - | - | |
Young | 0.61 (8/13) | 1.1586 | 0.332–4.046 | 0.817 | |
Non-young | 0.58 (29/50) | Reference | - | - | |
Kitten | 0.47 (7/15) | 0.5250 | 0.1628–1.6927 | 0.281 | |
Non-kitten | 0.62 (30/48) | Reference | - | - | |
Neuter Status | Neutered | 0.71 (20/28) | 2.954 | 0.9378–9.3088 | 0.064 |
Intact | 0.46 (11/24) | Reference | |||
Household | Multicat | 0.73 (11/15) | 2.221 | 0.6171–7.9947 | 0.222 |
Non-multicat | 0.55 (26/47) | Reference | - | - | |
Shelter | 1 (9/9) | ND a | ND | ND | |
Non-shelter | 0.47 (28/53) | ND | ND | ND | |
Street | 0.43 (16/37) | Reference | - | - | |
Non-street | 0.84 (21/25) | 6.89 | 1.971–24.088 | 0.0025 | |
Single | 1 (1/1) | ND | ND | ND | |
Non-single | 0.59 (36/61) | ND | ND | ND |
Infection Status (n) | Respiratory Tract Disease (%) | Progressive Weight Loss (%) | Ocular Secretion (%) | Anemia (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
FFV-monoinfected (n = 26) | 6 (23.1%) | 4 (15.4%) | 5 (19.2%) | 0/1 (0%) |
FeLV regressives (n = 23) | 11 (47.8%) | 6 (26.1%) | 2 (8.7%) | 0/2 (0%) |
FeLV progressives (n = 19) | 6 (31.6%) | 5 (26.3%) | 0 (0%) | 6/8 (75%) |
FFV negative/FeLV negative (n = 5) | 1 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N/A a |
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Cavalcante, L.T.F.; Muniz, C.P.; Jia, H.; Augusto, A.M.; Troccoli, F.; Medeiros, S.d.O.; Dias, C.G.A.; Switzer, W.M.; Soares, M.A.; Santos, A.F. Clinical and Molecular Features of Feline Foamy Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus Co-Infection in Naturally-Infected Cats. Viruses 2018, 10, 702. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10120702
Cavalcante LTF, Muniz CP, Jia H, Augusto AM, Troccoli F, Medeiros SdO, Dias CGA, Switzer WM, Soares MA, Santos AF. Clinical and Molecular Features of Feline Foamy Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus Co-Infection in Naturally-Infected Cats. Viruses. 2018; 10(12):702. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10120702
Chicago/Turabian StyleCavalcante, Liliane T. F., Cláudia P. Muniz, Hongwei Jia, Anderson M. Augusto, Fernando Troccoli, Sheila de O. Medeiros, Carlos G. A. Dias, William M. Switzer, Marcelo A. Soares, and André F. Santos. 2018. "Clinical and Molecular Features of Feline Foamy Virus and Feline Leukemia Virus Co-Infection in Naturally-Infected Cats" Viruses 10, no. 12: 702. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10120702