Ebola Virus Maintenance: If Not (Only) Bats, What Else?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Hypotheses for the Maintenance of EBOV
3. What If Bats Are Not the (Only) Maintenance Hosts for EBOV?
4. Aerosol-Borne Route of Transmission
5. Vector-Borne Route of Transmission
6. Insectivorous Food-Borne Route of Transmission (Insectivorous Bats)
7. Environmental Route of Transmission
8. Water-Borne Route of Transmission
9. Direct Route of Transmission
10. Other Animal-Borne Route of Transmission
11. Research Perspectives
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Transmission Pathways | Habitat | Bat Behaviour | Research Protocols | Existing Literature/ Methods |
---|---|---|---|---|
Air-borne | All | All | - Experimental EBOV interspecies aerosol transmission under rainforest conditions - Experimental EBOV excretion study in potential maintenance hosts - Experimental EBOV droplet survival in specific habitat conditions | [22,44,45, 54,55,56,57,58,59,60] |
Vector-borne |
|
| - Vector feeding habit (blood meal) to identify vector feeding host range, including bats - EBOV screening in vector populations | [61,62,63,64,65] |
Food-borne (insects) |
|
| - Genetic screening of prey species in bat guano- EBOV screening in vector populations - Vector feeding habit (blood meal) to identify vector feeding host range | [46,62,63, 65,66,67,68,69] |
Food-borne (fruits) |
|
| - Experimental EBOV environmental/fruit survival in specific habitat conditions - Behavioural study (e.g., camera trap) in canopy habitat to identify social network between bats and other potential hosts - EBOV screening of frugivorous vertebrates (feeding in tree canopy) | [70] |
Water-borne |
|
| - Water screening for EBOV (open vs shallow waters) - Experimental EBOV water survival under rainforest conditions | [46,71,72] |
Direct |
|
| - Behavioural study (e.g., camera trap) in canopy and cave habitat to identify social network between bats and other potential hosts - EBOV screening of frugivorous and arboricolous vertebrates and invertebrates - EBOV screening of cave roof dwelling animals | [26] |
Environmental |
|
| - Experimental EBOV environmental survival on different substrates and environmental conditions specific to bat habitats | [71,73] |
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Caron, A.; Bourgarel, M.; Cappelle, J.; Liégeois, F.; De Nys, H.M.; Roger, F. Ebola Virus Maintenance: If Not (Only) Bats, What Else? Viruses 2018, 10, 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10100549
Caron A, Bourgarel M, Cappelle J, Liégeois F, De Nys HM, Roger F. Ebola Virus Maintenance: If Not (Only) Bats, What Else? Viruses. 2018; 10(10):549. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10100549
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaron, Alexandre, Mathieu Bourgarel, Julien Cappelle, Florian Liégeois, Hélène M. De Nys, and François Roger. 2018. "Ebola Virus Maintenance: If Not (Only) Bats, What Else?" Viruses 10, no. 10: 549. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10100549