The Influence of Individual-Specific Plant Parameters and Species Composition on the Allergenic Potential of Urban Green Spaces
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. IUGZA—Urban Green Zone Allergenicity Index
2.3. IISA—Index of Individual-Specific Allergenic Potential of Green Spaces
2.4. Parameters Used for IUGZA and IISA
2.5. Planting Scenarios
2.6. Shannon Index (HS)
3. Results
3.1. Plant Characteristics and Current Allergenic Potential of the Park
3.2. Planting Scenarios and Associated Biodiversity
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison of Indices and Conceptual Remarks
4.2. Planting Scenarios and Recommendations for Plantings in Urban Green Areas
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | N | Family | ap | pe | ppp | Species | N | Family | ap | pe | ppp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acer griseum (Franch.) Pax 1902 | 1 | Sapindaceae | 2 | 2 | 1 | Liquidambar styraciflua L. | 1 | Altingiaceae | 2 | 3 | 1 |
Acer monspessulanum L. | 1 | Sapindaceae | 2 | 1 | 2 | Liriodendron tulipifera L. | 1 | Magnoliaceae | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Acer negundo L. | 1 | Sapindaceae | 2 | 2 | 1 | Magnolia × soulangeana Soul.-Bod. | 3 | Magnoliaceae | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Acer pensylvanicum L. 1753 | 1 | Sapindaceae | 2 | 2 | 1 | Magnolia kobus DC. | 1 | Magnoliaceae | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Acer platanoides L. | 19 | Sapindaceae | 3 | 2 | 2 | Magnolia stellata (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. | 3 | Magnoliaceae | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Acer pseudoplatanus L. 1753 | 24 | Sapindaceae | 3 | 2 | 1 | Morus alba L. 1753 | 1 | Moraceae | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Acer rubrum L. 1753 | 2 | Sapindaceae | 1 | 2 | 2 | Nothofagus Antarctica (G. Forster) Oerst. | 1 | Nothofagaceae | 4 | 3 | 2 |
Aesculus × carnea Zeyh. | 2 | Sapindaceae | 2 | 2 | 2 | Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. | 1 | Betulaceae | 4 | 3 | 3 |
Aesculus hippocastanum L. | 18 | Sapindaceae | 2 | 2 | 2 | Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews | 1 | Paeoniaceae | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle | 1 | Simaroubaceae | 3 | 2 | 1 | Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. | 1 | Paulowniaceae | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Berberis vulgaris L. | 1 | Berberidaceae | 1 | 1 | 3 | Philadelphus coronarius L. | 4 | Hydrangeaceae | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Betula pendula Roth | 2 | Betulaceae | 4 | 3 | 2 | Picea omorika (Pančić) Purk. | 1 | Pinaceae | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Buxus sempervirens L. | 24 | Buxaceae | 2 | 1 | 2 | Picea pungens Engelm. | 1 | Pinaceae | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Carpinus betulus L. | 1 | Betulaceae | 4 | 3 | 2 | Platanus × hispanica (Aiton) Willd. | 1 | Platanaceae | 3 | 3 | 1 |
Castanea sativa (Mill.) | 2 | Fagaceae | 2 | 3 | 1 | Potentilla fruticosa (L.) Rydb. | 1 | Rosaceae | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Catalpa bignonioides Walter | 1 | Bignoniaceae | 3 | 1 | 2 | Prunus padus L. | 2 | Rosaceae | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Celtis australis L. | 1 | Cannabaceae | 3 | 3 | 1 | Prunus sargentii ‘Accolade’ Rehder | 3 | Rosaceae | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Cercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold & Zucc. | 1 | Cercidiphyllaceae | 2 | 1 | 2 | Prunus serrulata ‘Kanzan’ LINDL. | 1 | Rosaceae | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Cercis siliquastrum L. | 1 | Fabaceae | 2 | 1 | 3 | Prunus tomentosa Thunb. | 1 | Rosaceae | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach | 1 | Rosaceae | 1 | 1 | 2 | Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Lam.) Spach | 1 | Juglandaceae | 2 | 3 | 2 |
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray) Parl. | 1 | Cupressaceae | 3 | 3 | 2 | Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. | 1 | Fagaceae | 4 | 3 | 1 |
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis D.Don 1824 | 1 | Cupressaceae | 3 | 3 | 2 | Quercus robur L. | 4 | Fagaceae | 4 | 3 | 1 |
Cornus mas L. | 4 | Cornaceae | 2 | 1 | 3 | Ribes alpinum L. | 2 | Grossulariaceae | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Corylus avellana L. | 1 | Betulaceae | 4 | 3 | 3 | Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) J.Buchh. | 2 | Cupressaceae | 2 | 3 | 2 |
Corylus colurna L. | 1 | Betulaceae | 4 | 3 | 2 | Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz | 1 | Rosaceae | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | 1 | Rosaceae | 1 | 1 | 2 | Sorbus aucuparia L. | 2 | Rosaceae | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Deutzia scabra Thunb | 1 | Hydrangeaceae | 1 | 1 | 2 | Sorbus domestica L. | 1 | Rosaceae | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Fagus sylvatica L. | 3 | Fagaceae | 4 | 3 | 2 | Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz | 1 | Rosaceae | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Fraxinus excelsior L. | 6 | Oleaceae | 4 | 3 | 2 | Spiraea x arguta Zabel | 1 | Rosaceae | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Ginkgo biloba L. | 3 | Ginkgoaceae | 2 | 3 | 1 | Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott | 1 | Fabaceae | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Gleditsia triacanthos L. | 1 | Fabaceae | 1 | 0 | 2 | Taxus baccata L. | 12 | Taxaceae | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Hedera helix ‘Arborescens‘ L. | 2 | Araliaceae | 2 | 1 | 3 | Tilia cordata Mill. | 15 | Malvaceae | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Ilex aquifolium L. | 1 | Aquifoliaceae | 2 | 0 | 2 | Tilia platyphyllos Scop. | 21 | Malvaceae | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Kolkwitzia amabilis Graebn. Christenh. | 1 | Caprifoliaceae | 1 | 1 | 2 | Tilia tomentosa Moench | 4 | Malvaceae | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Larix decidua (Mill.) | 1 | Pinaceae | 1 | 3 | 3 | Sum | 231 |
Parameters | Values for IUGZA and IISA | |
---|---|---|
Allergenic potential (ap) | 0 = non-allergenic (OPALS 1) | |
1 = low allergenicity (OPALS 2–4) | ||
2 = moderate allergenicity (OPALS 5–7) | ||
3 = high allergenicity (OPALS 8–10) | ||
4 = main local allergens | ||
Type of pollen emissions (pe) | 0 = only female-sex individuals | |
1 = entomophilous | ||
2 = ampiphilous | ||
3 = anemophilous | ||
Principal pollination period (ppp) | 1 = 1–4 weeks | |
2 = 5–8 weeks | ||
3 ≥ 9 weeks | ||
IUGZA | IISA | |
Crown height (H) | Mean height attained at reproductive maturity: 2, 6, 10, 14 m or exceptionally 18 m | Individual-specific measurements [m] |
Plant surface (S) | Small-diameter: <4 m, medium-diameter: 4–6 m, large-diameter: >6 m | Individual-specific measurements using 4 radii [m] |
IUGZA | Hs | |
---|---|---|
Current state (0) | 0.173 | 3.47 |
Scenario 1 | 0.226 | 2.20 |
Scenario 2 | 0.147 | 3.39 |
Scenario 3 | 0.170 | 4.23 |
Scenario 4 | 0.197 | 2.30 |
Scenario 5 | 0.150 | 1.81 |
Scenario 6 | 0.171 | 3.18 |
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Jochner-Oette, S.; Stitz, T.; Jetschni, J.; Cariñanos, P. The Influence of Individual-Specific Plant Parameters and Species Composition on the Allergenic Potential of Urban Green Spaces. Forests 2018, 9, 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9060284
Jochner-Oette S, Stitz T, Jetschni J, Cariñanos P. The Influence of Individual-Specific Plant Parameters and Species Composition on the Allergenic Potential of Urban Green Spaces. Forests. 2018; 9(6):284. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9060284
Chicago/Turabian StyleJochner-Oette, Susanne, Theresa Stitz, Johanna Jetschni, and Paloma Cariñanos. 2018. "The Influence of Individual-Specific Plant Parameters and Species Composition on the Allergenic Potential of Urban Green Spaces" Forests 9, no. 6: 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9060284