Regeneration Dynamics of Coast Redwood, a Sprouting Conifer Species: A Review with Implications for Management and Restoration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- review the regeneration dynamics of coast redwood after a variety of disturbance events;
- (2)
- review the dynamics of stand development and density management in even-aged and multiaged stands;
- (3)
- discuss the implications for management of stands of different structures and managing for different objectives including restoration; and
- (4)
- discuss the implications for management with climate change and the presence of invasive organisms.
2. Environment and Species Characteristics
2.1. Disturbance History
2.2. Site Productivity
2.3. Regeneration—Redwood and Other Species
2.3.1. Sprouts
2.3.2. Seedlings
2.4. Spatial and Clonal Patterns
3. Stand Dynamics
3.1. Even-Aged Stands
3.2. Multiaged Stands
4. Management
4.1. Young Redwood Stand Management
4.2. Older Redwood Stand Management
4.3. Restoration
5. Climate Change and Genetic Diversity
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Latitude° N | Upper Canopy Redwood | Total Density | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Trees ha−1 | ||||
Mendocino County—slopes | 39.33 | n/a | 913 | [55] 1 |
Mendocino County—alluvial flats | 39.33 | n/a | 337 | |
Humboldt Redwoods St. Pk—(Bull Creek) | 40.35 | 66 | 167 | [5,56,57] |
Humboldt Redwoods St. Pk—(Bull Creek) | 40.35 | 88 | 225 | [58] 2 |
Humboldt Redwoods St. Pk—(Bull Creek) | 40.35 | 48 | 163 | [59] |
Redwood N. Pk. (Prairie Creek) flat | 41.38 | 163 | 180 | [60] 3 |
Redwood N. Pk. (Prairie Creek) slope | 41.38 | 177 | 276 | |
Humboldt Redwood St. Pk. flat | 40.35 | 160 | 239 | |
Humboldt Redwoods St. Pk. Slope | 40.35 | 59 | 1046 | |
Redwood N. Pk. | n/a | 46 | 70 | [52] 4 |
Redwood N. Pk. (xeric) | 41.33 | 128 | 311 | [61] 5 |
Redwood N. Pk. (mesic) | 41.33 | 180 | 272 | |
Muir Woods | 37.89 | n/a | 462 | [62] |
Prairie Creek St. Pk. | 107 | 137 | [50] | |
Humboldt Redwoods St. Pk. (Bull Creek) | 143 | 146 | ||
Armstrong St. Pk. | 38.88 | 74 | 192 | [38] 6 |
Humboldt Redwoods St. Pk. | 40.31 | 59 | 122 | |
Various—Mendocino County | Approx. 38 | n/a | 763 | [63] 7 |
Various—Santa Cruz and San Mateo Co. | Approx. 37 | n/a | 1308 | [11] |
Big Basin St. Pk. | 37.18 | n/a | 272 | [41] 8 |
Humboldt Redwoods St. Pk. | 40.34 | n/a | 183 | |
Redwood N. Pk. | 41.34 | n/a | 170 | |
Jedediah Smith St. Pk. upper | 41.78 | 39 | 266 | [6] 9 |
Jedediah Smith St. Pk. lower | 41.77 | 48 | 246 | |
Prairie Creek St. Pk. upper | 41.37 | 58 | 247 | |
Prairie Creek Sk. Pk. lower | 41.36 | 41 | 145 | |
Redwood N. Pk. upper | 41.26 | 49 | 471 | |
Redwood N. Pk. lower | 41.20 | 64 | 426 | |
Humboldt Redwoods St. Pk. | 40.34 | 64 | 375 | |
Montgomery Woods St. Res. | 39.23 | 68 | 336 | |
Samuel P. Taylor St. Pk. | 38.02 | 53 | 475 | |
Big Basin St. Pk. | 37.19 | 48 | 552 | |
Landeis-Hill Big Creek Res. | 36.09 | 76 | 550 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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O’Hara, K.L.; Cox, L.E.; Nikolaeva, S.; Bauer, J.J.; Hedges, R. Regeneration Dynamics of Coast Redwood, a Sprouting Conifer Species: A Review with Implications for Management and Restoration. Forests 2017, 8, 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8050144
O’Hara KL, Cox LE, Nikolaeva S, Bauer JJ, Hedges R. Regeneration Dynamics of Coast Redwood, a Sprouting Conifer Species: A Review with Implications for Management and Restoration. Forests. 2017; 8(5):144. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8050144
Chicago/Turabian StyleO’Hara, Kevin L., Lauren E. Cox, Sasha Nikolaeva, Julian J. Bauer, and Rachelle Hedges. 2017. "Regeneration Dynamics of Coast Redwood, a Sprouting Conifer Species: A Review with Implications for Management and Restoration" Forests 8, no. 5: 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8050144