Spatial Heterogeneity of the Forest Canopy Scales with the Heterogeneity of an Understory Shrub Based on Fractal Analysis
Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada
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Academic Editor: Christopher Gough
Forests 2017, 8(5), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/f8050146
Received: 15 February 2017
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Revised: 21 April 2017
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Accepted: 25 April 2017
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Published: 27 April 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Successional Dynamics of Forest Structure and Function)
Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation is an important landscape characteristic, but is difficult to assess due to scale-dependence. Here we examine how spatial patterns in the forest canopy affect those of understory plants, using the shrub Canada buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt.) as a focal species. Evergreen and deciduous forest canopy and buffaloberry shrub presence were measured with line-intercept sampling along ten 2-km transects in the Rocky Mountain foothills of west-central Alberta, Canada. Relationships between overstory canopy and understory buffaloberry presence were assessed for scales ranging from 2 m to 502 m. Fractal dimensions of both canopy and buffaloberry were estimated and then related using box-counting methods to evaluate spatial heterogeneity based on patch distribution and abundance. Effects of canopy presence on buffaloberry were scale-dependent, with shrub presence negatively related to evergreen canopy cover and positively related to deciduous cover. The effect of evergreen canopy was significant at a local scale between 2 m and 42 m, while that of deciduous canopy was significant at a meso-scale between 150 m and 358 m. Fractal analysis indicated that buffaloberry heterogeneity positively scaled with evergreen canopy heterogeneity, but was unrelated to that of deciduous canopy. This study demonstrates that evergreen canopy cover is a determinant of buffaloberry heterogeneity, highlighting the importance of spatial scale and canopy composition in understanding canopy-understory relationships.
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Keywords:
vegetation patterns; spatial heterogeneity; scale-dependence; fractal dimension; box-counting; line-intercept; transects; forest canopy; forest understory; Shepherdia canadensis
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
MDPI and ACS Style
Denny, C.K.; Nielsen, S.E. Spatial Heterogeneity of the Forest Canopy Scales with the Heterogeneity of an Understory Shrub Based on Fractal Analysis. Forests 2017, 8, 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8050146
AMA Style
Denny CK, Nielsen SE. Spatial Heterogeneity of the Forest Canopy Scales with the Heterogeneity of an Understory Shrub Based on Fractal Analysis. Forests. 2017; 8(5):146. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8050146
Chicago/Turabian StyleDenny, Catherine K., and Scott E. Nielsen. 2017. "Spatial Heterogeneity of the Forest Canopy Scales with the Heterogeneity of an Understory Shrub Based on Fractal Analysis" Forests 8, no. 5: 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8050146
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