Regulation of Water Use in the Southernmost European Fir (Abies pinsapo Boiss.): Drought Avoidance Matters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site and Field Sampling
2.2. Microclimatic Variables
2.3. Ecophysiological Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Physicochemical Properties
3.2. Microclimatology
Soil Profile | LowElevation (1200 m) | High Elevation (1550 m) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil Type 1 | TypicHaploxerept | TypicHaploxerept | ||||||
Slope (%) | 36 | 42 | ||||||
Elevation (m a.s.l.) | 1200 | 1550 | ||||||
Aspect | NW | NW | ||||||
Soil Horizon | Ah | Bw | Bw/R | Ah | Ah/C | C | ||
Prof. (cm) | 0–12 | 12–25 | 25–50 | 0–12 | 12–25 | 25–50 | ||
Texture (%) | Clay | 21.6 | 37.7 | 27.9 | 14.2 | 16.5 | 17.2 | |
Silt | 49 | 46 | 52.8 | 47.8 | 39.4 | 28.6 | ||
Sand | 29.4 | 16.3 | 19.3 | 38 | 44.1 | 54.2 | ||
Gravel(%) | 13.1 | 8 | 19.8 | 26.3 | 37.7 | 42.2 | ||
Bulk density 2 | 1.29 | 1.41 | 1.31 | 1.44 | 1.51 | 1.49 | ||
Textural class 1 | Loam | Silty-clay-loam | Silty-clay-loam | Loam | Loam | Sandy-loam | ||
pF 33 kPa (empirical) 3 | 44.3 | 46.5 | 46.3 | 42.4 | 37.8 | 35.2 | ||
pF 1500 kPa (empirical) 3 | 24.7 | 31.0 | 30.3 | 21.4 | 20.3 | 19.3 | ||
pF 33 kPa (estimated) 4 | 33.1 | 36.5 | 35.1 | 28.9 | 27.0 | 25.6 | ||
pF 1500 kPa (estimated) 4 | 15.4 | 22.3 | 17.8 | 11.4 | 12.0 | 12.2 | ||
Available water content (l·m−2·0.5m −1) | 82.1 | 81.7 | ||||||
Roots (mg·g soil−1) | 4.41 | 3.81 | 4.07 | 0.29 | 1.57 | 1.35 | ||
O. C. (%) | 3.25 | 1.93 | 3.06 | 1.58 | 0.9 | 1.09 | ||
O. N. (%) | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.1 | 0.04 | 0.05 | ||
N-NO3− (ppm) | 6.1 | <1 | 1.98 | 5.3 | <1 | <1 | ||
N-NH4+ (ppm) | 17.5 | 15.5 | 17.0 | 8.65 | 3.2 | 3.51 | ||
P Olsen (ppm) | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 4.4 | 8.1 | 13.7 | ||
Ca2+ | 17.4 | 14.6 | 19.1 | 9.09 | 6.77 | 8.48 | ||
Exchangeable bases | Mg2+ | 1.44 | 8.45 | 4.07 | 0.61 | 1.36 | 0.33 | |
(cmolc·kg−1) | Na+ | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.26 | |
K+ | 0.59 | 0.3 | 0.27 | 0.5 | 0.19 | 0.18 | ||
CEC (meq/100g) | 22.4 | 21.6 | 23.7 | 11.0 | 10.9 | 11.4 | ||
% Base saturation | 88.2 | 100 | 100 | 95.3 | 78.8 | 81.2 |
3.3. Daily Curves of Stomatal Conductance and Xylem Water Potential
3.4. Linking Physiological and Environmental Variables Related to Water Balance
3.5. Foliar Nutrient Content
Low elevation (1200 m) | High elevation (1550 m) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Time spam | Growing period (May–June) | Summer–Autumn (July–September) | Growing period (May–June) | Summer–Autumn (July–September) |
Carbon (%) | 47.1 ± 0.16b | 47.8 ± 0.10c | 46.7 ± 0.13a | 47.2 ± 0.08b |
Nitrogen (%) | 1.11 ± 0.06c | 0.82 ± 0.03a | 1.08 ± 0.08c | 0.94 ± 0.03b |
C/N | 43.5 ± 2.00a | 59.7 ± 2.17c | 47.2 ± 3.19b | 50.9 ± 1.60b |
P (mg/g) | 1.11 ± 0.12b | 0.74 ± 0.05a | 1.52 ± 0.10c | 1.14 ± 0.04b |
N/P | 11 .0 ± 0.95b | 11.9 ± 0.88b | 7.47 ± 0.81a | 8.38 ± 0.31a |
K (mg/g) | 9.49 ± 0.63b | 7.22 ± 0.63a | 8.68 ± 0.41ab | 7.54 ± 0.42ab |
Ca (mg/g) | 3.42 ± 0.23a | 2.91 ± 0.38a | 4.33 ± 0.28b | 3.72 ± 0.31b |
Mg (mg/g) | 2.01 ± 0.07 | 2.16 ± 0.13 | 1.93 ± 0.10 | 2.03 ± 0.10 |
Fe (μg/g) | 190.1 ± 17.4c | 141.3 ± 4.56b | 184.2 ± 32.3c | 88.7 ± 7.41a |
Mn (μg/g) | 71.1 ± 15.6b | 35.5 ± 3.95a | 141.8 ± 10.8c | 136.6 ± 13.7c |
Zn (μg/g) | 22.1 ± 1.52b | 20.5 ± 1.50b | 19.2 ± 1.07ab | 18.2 ± 0.96a |
4. Discussion
4.1. Drought-Avoidance Matters in A. pinsapo
4.2. Capacity of Osmotic Adjustment
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sánchez-Salguero, R.; Ortíz, C.; Covelo, F.; Ochoa, V.; García-Ruíz, R.; Seco, J.I.; Carreira, J.A.; Merino, J.Á.; Linares, J.C. Regulation of Water Use in the Southernmost European Fir (Abies pinsapo Boiss.): Drought Avoidance Matters. Forests 2015, 6, 2241-2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6062241
Sánchez-Salguero R, Ortíz C, Covelo F, Ochoa V, García-Ruíz R, Seco JI, Carreira JA, Merino JÁ, Linares JC. Regulation of Water Use in the Southernmost European Fir (Abies pinsapo Boiss.): Drought Avoidance Matters. Forests. 2015; 6(6):2241-2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6062241
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Salguero, Raúl, Cristina Ortíz, Felisa Covelo, Victoria Ochoa, Roberto García-Ruíz, José Ignacio Seco, José Antonio Carreira, José Ángel Merino, and Juan Carlos Linares. 2015. "Regulation of Water Use in the Southernmost European Fir (Abies pinsapo Boiss.): Drought Avoidance Matters" Forests 6, no. 6: 2241-2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6062241