Diversity and Determinants of Tree-Related Microhabitats in Hemiboreal Forests of Europe Based on National Forest Inventory Data

Tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) are small features on living or dead trees that offer habitat, shelter, breeding sites, or food for many organisms, making them useful indicators of forest-dwelling species. Despite increasing research on TreMs in Europe, most published studies have focused on temperate regions, leaving a relative paucity of data from hemiboreal forests. In our research, we aimed to fill the knowledge gap, offering insight into the occurrence patterns and factors influencing TreM diversity in the hemiboreal region. We analyzed data from the National Forest Inventory in Latvia, comprising information on 168 839 trees across 5653 sample plots. The most common TreMs were bark loss (6.1% of trees), bryophytes (2.6%), and perennial polypores (2.6%). TreMs occurred more frequently on deciduous than on coniferous trees, on larger trees (diameter at breast height more than 60 cm), and on dead trees compared to living ones. Forest type and signs of recent cutting also had significant effects on TreM richness at both the tree and plot scales, whereas forest protection status was significant only at the plot scale. TreMs such as buttress-root concavities and ivy or liana cover, which are common in temperate Europe, had a low relative occurrence in our study. The occurrence of specific TreM forms was strongly tree-species dependent: exudates were much more common on live Picea abies (4.0%) than on other species, whereas Populus tremula had a higher occurrence of fruiting bodies of saproxylic fungi and slime moulds (2.0%). The highest occurrence of crown deadwood was observed on Quercus robur. Overall, dead trees play a particularly important role, providing both a higher total number of TreMs and certain TreM types more frequently. Given their high TreM richness, dead and large trees represent important structural components supporting biodiversity in hemiboreal forests.