Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of Forest Tourism in Henan, Central China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Indicator System and Data Sources
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Forest Tourism Niche Model
2.3.2. Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis
2.3.3. Geographical Detector Model
2.4. Study Steps
3. Results
3.1. FTDL Temporal Evolution in Henan Province
3.2. FTDL Spatial Evolution Patterns in Henan Province
3.3. FTDL Spatial Correlation in Henan Province
3.3.1. Global Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
3.3.2. Local Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
3.4. FTDL Driving Mechanism in Henan Province
4. Discussion
4.1. Research Findings
- The FTDL in Henan Province from 2018 to 2021 exhibited “hierarchical heterogeneity and slight fluctuations”. Benefiting from high economic development and abundant forest tourism resources, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, and Nanyang had absolute advantages in FTDL rankings, with Zhengzhou consistently ranking first in all three periods. This was due to Zhengzhou’s strategic position, surrounded by Songshan Mountain to the west and the Yellow River to the north, as well as its status as the political, economic, and cultural center of Henan Province, which supported the development of forest tourism and ensured economic, market, and environmental stability [58]. FTDL in other prefecture-level cities such as Jiaozuo, Jiyuan, and Hebi showed fluctuations in the rankings. These prefecture-level cities, which are rich in forest tourism resources, experienced a decline followed by recovery, particularly owing to the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism, transportation, and related industries during 2019–2020, which led to lower FTDL rankings. However, in the 2020–2021 period, with the effective control of the pandemic and gradual recovery of the tourism industry, the rankings of these prefecture-level cities rebounded, highlighting the vulnerability of forest tourism in tourist prefecture-level cities, especially in remote areas [59].
- FTDL in Henan Province was characterized by “high in the southwest and low in the east”. The southwestern region is mountainous, hilly, and rich in forest tourism resources, thus offering an ideal ecological environment for forest tourism [60]. In the northern region, FEDL declined from the 2018–2019 period to the 2019–2020 period but increased from the 2019–2020 period to the 2020–2021 period. This shift was attributed to the enhancement of the ecological environment and support of local residents in the northern region during the third period. The prefecture-level cities in this area have actively protected their ecological environments, with Anyang being a notable example. Since 2020, Anyang has significantly improved its ecological environment by optimizing its industrial structure, developing clean energy, and strengthening precise controls [61]. As a result, Anyang ranked first in ecological environment development during 2020–2021, up from eleventh place in 2019–2020. Meanwhile, its FTDL ranking rose from 12th in 2019–2020 to 4th in 2020–2021.
- FTDL in Henan Province shifted from positive spatial autocorrelation in 2018–2019 to negative spatial autocorrelation in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021, with the degree of correlation gradually weakening. This trend is more specific in local autocorrelation analysis and the LISA clustering plot. Pingdingshan, located in central Henan Province, consistently exhibited an L–H pattern across all three periods due to its low FTDL, in contrast to its neighboring prefecture-level cities (Zhengzhou, Luoyang, and Nanyang), which had high FTDL. The discrete trend is the result of improved FTDL rankings for some prefecture-level cities in the north and south of Henan Province in 2020–2021, such as Anyang, Xinxiang, and Jiyuan in the South Taihang Mountains of northern Henan Province, as well as Xinyang in the Tongbai–Dabie Mountains of southern Henan Province. Notably, Xinyang (ranked seventh) exhibited an H–L pattern during this period, significantly surpassing its neighbor Zhumadian, which ranked last.
- Eight dominant drivers of FTDL in Henan Province were identified and categorized into four groups: scientific research value, forest tourism market efficiency, forest tourism economic support, and environmental quality. Firstly, the impact of scientific research value on FTDL showed an overall upward trend with fluctuations, as reflected by q-values of 0.4543, 0.2477, and 0.5562, indicating a growing demand among tourists for knowledge and cultural exploration [62]. Secondly, FTDL in Henan Province is primarily driven by economic development and the ecological environment [12]. The q-values of four indicators, B14, B16, B17, and B19, representing forest tourism economic support, along with B21, representing environmental quality, ranked highest. Thirdly, forest tourism in Henan Province has undergone a transition from being environment-driven in 2018–2019 to economy-driven in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. The reason was that environmental quality was the dominant factor influencing FTDL, with the q-value of B21 ranking second in 2018–2019, while forest tourism economic support emerged as the primary driver, as B14 and B16 ranked first and second, and B21 ranked third in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. Additionally, the gap between the q-values of B21 (0.9024, 0.6449) and those of B14 (0.9029, 0.7548) and B16 (0.9027, 0.7538) widened from 2019–2020 to 2020–2021.
4.2. Political Implications
4.3. Research Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
References
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First Level Indicator | Second Level Indicator | Third Level Indicator |
---|---|---|
FTDL in Henan | A1 forest tourism resource | B1 resource richness |
B2 resource visibility | ||
B3 resource diversity | ||
B4 number of special resources | ||
B5 recreational value of resources | ||
B6 scientific research value of resources | ||
A2 forest tourism market | B7 resident population | |
B8 lodging and catering revenues | ||
B9 number of star-rated hotels | ||
B10 number of travel agencies | ||
B11 tourist arrivals | ||
B12 total tourism income | ||
B13 market influence | ||
A3 socioeconomic development | B14 gross domestic product (GDP) | |
B15 GDP per capita | ||
B16 total value of tertiary industry | ||
B17 total retail value of consumer goods | ||
B18 total passenger transportation | ||
B19 infrastructure scale and completeness. | ||
A4 ecological environment condition | B20 forest land area | |
B21 area covered by greenery | ||
B22 ecological condition index (EI) | ||
B23 ambient air quality | ||
B24 quality of acoustic environment | ||
B25 urban groundwater quality | ||
B26 water quality of centralized drinking water sources | ||
B27 temperature comfort | ||
B28 inhalable particulate matter (PM10) | ||
A5 local residents’ support | B29 resident participation | |
B30 resident satisfaction | ||
B31 tourism income of residents | ||
B32 consumption level of residents | ||
B33 per capita disposable income of residents |
Municipalities | 2018–2019 | Score Ranking | 2019–2020 | Score Ranking | 2020–2021 | Score Ranking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhengzhou | 0.1357 | 1 | 0.157 | 1 | 0.1207 | 1 |
Kaifeng | 0.0391 | 13 | 0.0335 | 14 | 0.0444 | 13 |
Luoyang | 0.1184 | 2 | 0.0907 | 3 | 0.084 | 2 |
Pingdingshan | 0.0532 | 9 | 0.046 | 10 | 0.0389 | 14 |
Jiaozuo | 0.0636 | 5 | 0.0455 | 11 | 0.0635 | 6 |
Hebi | 0.0443 | 11 | 0.0183 | 18 | 0.0546 | 9 |
Xinxiang | 0.0576 | 8 | 0.0667 | 5 | 0.0674 | 5 |
Anyang | 0.0231 | 17 | 0.0446 | 12 | 0.0715 | 4 |
Puyang | 0.0046 | 18 | 0.0323 | 15 | 0.0455 | 12 |
Xuchang | 0.0414 | 12 | 0.0505 | 8 | 0.0325 | 16 |
Luohe | 0.0314 | 14 | 0.0349 | 13 | 0.0469 | 11 |
Sanmenxia | 0.0613 | 7 | 0.0533 | 7 | 0.0488 | 10 |
Nanyang | 0.0992 | 3 | 0.0922 | 2 | 0.0739 | 3 |
Shangqiu | 0.0293 | 15 | 0.0297 | 16 | 0.0271 | 17 |
Xinyang | 0.0647 | 4 | 0.0847 | 4 | 0.059 | 7 |
Zhoukou | 0.0243 | 16 | 0.0462 | 9 | 0.0376 | 15 |
Zhumadian | 0.0456 | 10 | 0.0555 | 6 | 0.0263 | 18 |
Jiyuan | 0.0631 | 6 | 0.0183 | 17 | 0.0574 | 8 |
Year | IFT | Z-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
2018–2019 | 0.1963 | 1.4913 | 0.0760 |
2019–2020 | −0.1840 | −0.8008 | 0.2360 |
2020–2021 | −0.0083 | 0.2751 | 0.3760 |
Detection Factor | 2018–2019 | 2019–2020 | 2020–2021 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
q-Value | p-Value | q-Value | p-Value | q-Value | p-Value | |
B1 | 0.5114 | 0.1897 | 0.5791 | 0.1788 | 0.3971 | 0.5346 |
B2 | 0.5810 | 0.0598 | 0.2857 | 0.4304 | 0.5280 | 0.0965 |
B4 | 0.3664 | 0.4731 | 0.2991 | 0.7343 | 0.3669 | 0.5696 |
B6 | 0.4543 | 0.1456 | 0.2477 | 0.4749 | 0.5562 * | 0.0500 |
B7 | 0.2732 | 0.5064 | 0.4715 | 0.2032 | 0.5196 | 0.7331 |
B8 | 0.4509 | 0.6773 | 0.8914 * | 0.0036 | 0.6307 | 0.4766 |
B9 | 0.8413 * | 0.0186 | 0.7260 * | 0.0449 | 0.2463 | 0.8615 |
B10 | 0.4521 | 0.6988 | 0.4044 | 0.4877 | 0.6439 | 0.4998 |
B11 | 0.6629 | 0.1046 | 0.6750 | 0.0759 | 0.4140 | 0.2305 |
B12 | 0.7063 | 0.0587 | 0.7978 | 0.0883 | 0.4341 | 0.3617 |
B14 | 0.7161 | 0.1392 | 0.9029 * | 0.0027 | 0.7548 | 0.2217 |
B15 | 0.2157 | 0.5880 | 0.2142 | 0.7385 | 0.3726 | 0.5474 |
B16 | 0.7938 | 0.0578 | 0.9027 * | 0.0028 | 0.7538 | 0.2088 |
B17 | 0.4509 | 0.7034 | 0.8246 * | 0.0348 | 0.6403 | 0.5003 |
B18 | 0.2583 | 0.5605 | 0.2585 | 0.6710 | 0.1010 | 0.9425 |
B19 | 0.6896 | 0.3515 | 0.8434 * | 0.0318 | 0.5248 | 0.8395 |
B20 | 0.5427 | 0.2468 | 0.3665 | 0.4653 | 0.2670 | 0.7498 |
B21 | 0.8045 * | 0.0439 | 0.9024 * | 0.0027 | 0.6449 | 0.6622 |
B23 | 0.1648 | 0.8196 | 0.1635 | 0.8303 | 0.0516 | 0.9843 |
B27 | 0.2518 | 0.5226 | 0.2251 | 0.5552 | 0.0378 | 0.9944 |
B28 | 0.1649 | 0.8139 | 0.0907 | 0.8812 | 0.4470 | 0.2050 |
B29 | 0.5393 | 0.5267 | 0.6928 | 0.2827 | 0.5653 | 0.6934 |
B30 | 0.3528 | 0.3018 | 0.2376 | 0.5246 | 0.1058 | 0.8283 |
B31 | 0.3501 | 0.4237 | 0.1133 | 0.8404 | 0.1459 | 0.8162 |
B32 | 0.2583 | 0.4785 | 0.1097 | 0.8651 | 0.4773 | 0.4190 |
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Guo, E.; Liang, J.; Yuan, Y.; Xie, P.; Hou, H.; Yang, X.; Dong, X. Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of Forest Tourism in Henan, Central China. Forests 2025, 16, 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16030483
Guo E, Liang J, Yuan Y, Xie P, Hou H, Yang X, Dong X. Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of Forest Tourism in Henan, Central China. Forests. 2025; 16(3):483. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16030483
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Eryan, Jian Liang, Yuanyuan Yuan, Peizheng Xie, Heping Hou, Xitian Yang, and Xiangyu Dong. 2025. "Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of Forest Tourism in Henan, Central China" Forests 16, no. 3: 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16030483
APA StyleGuo, E., Liang, J., Yuan, Y., Xie, P., Hou, H., Yang, X., & Dong, X. (2025). Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of Forest Tourism in Henan, Central China. Forests, 16(3), 483. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16030483