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Article

Evaluation of Discolourations of Wooden Shingles as a Function of Outdoor Exposure

by
Cinzia Martinelli
1,
Emilia-Adela Manea Salca
2,* and
Florin Dinulica
3
1
School of Agricultural, Forest, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 10, Viale dell’Ateneo Lucano, 85100 Potenza, Italy
2
Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Universitatii Street, 1, 500068 Brasov, Romania
3
Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Sirul Beethoven, 1, 500123 Brasov, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2025, 16(11), 1638; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111638 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 25 August 2025 / Revised: 18 October 2025 / Accepted: 24 October 2025 / Published: 26 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood Treatments and Modification Technologies—2nd Edition)

Abstract

The main objective of the study was to evaluate the colour changes generated by outdoor exposure on spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) samples used as shingles for the roof of a traditional Maramures gate. Additionally, samples made of oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) have been used to simulate the gate pillar. The specimens have been treated with boiled linseed oil and exposed to the outdoor environment for nine months under two different trial positions. The colour and moisture content changes in the samples have been periodically evaluated. Reactions of the samples from two species have been analysed considering three different variables, such as exposure time, treatment chemical, and positioning during their outdoor exposure. The samples vertically positioned showed fewer discolouration compared to those with inclined exposure. The total variation in colour increased as the length of exposure time increased. After nine months, the highest variation, based on the ΔE* values, was recorded in the category of untreated samples exposed at an angle of 60° to the horizontal, which showed values of ΔE* = 24.87 for oak and ΔE* = 31.16 for spruce, respectively. The oil treatment had a significant impact only on spruce samples having orthogonal exposure. The findings of this study have the potential to provide a better understanding of such species used for construction applications in relation to weathering.
Keywords: colour changes; oak; spruce; outdoor exposure colour changes; oak; spruce; outdoor exposure

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Martinelli, C.; Salca, E.-A.M.; Dinulica, F. Evaluation of Discolourations of Wooden Shingles as a Function of Outdoor Exposure. Forests 2025, 16, 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111638

AMA Style

Martinelli C, Salca E-AM, Dinulica F. Evaluation of Discolourations of Wooden Shingles as a Function of Outdoor Exposure. Forests. 2025; 16(11):1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111638

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martinelli, Cinzia, Emilia-Adela Manea Salca, and Florin Dinulica. 2025. "Evaluation of Discolourations of Wooden Shingles as a Function of Outdoor Exposure" Forests 16, no. 11: 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111638

APA Style

Martinelli, C., Salca, E.-A. M., & Dinulica, F. (2025). Evaluation of Discolourations of Wooden Shingles as a Function of Outdoor Exposure. Forests, 16(11), 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111638

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