Forest Ecosystem Conservation Through Rural Tourism and Ecosystem Services: A Systematic Review

Abstract

This systematic review examines the role of rural tourism in promoting sustainable development, focusing on its interaction with forest ecosystems and the essential ecosystem services they provide. A comprehensive literature search across Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar identified 142 peer-reviewed articles, analyzed through qualitative synthesis and bibliometric mapping. The review highlights four thematic clusters in rural tourism research: impacts on rural areas, destination management, resident perspectives and cultural sustainability, and emerging themes like place attachment. It emphasizes the reliance of rural tourism on ecosystem services, including provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting, especially those linked to forest ecosystems. Examples from Monteverde, Costa Rica, and Tuscany, Italy, illustrate the role of rural tourism in supporting biodiversity conservation, habitat restoration, and sustainable agriculture. However, uncontrolled tourism in forested regions can lead to deforestation and ecosystem degradation, as seen in the Lake District, Masai Mara, and Rajasthan. The review stresses the need for sustainable practices to mitigate the negative impacts of tourism, advocating for an integrated sustainability framework that balances economic, environmental, and governance aspects. Best practices include eco-friendly infrastructure, community participation, and environmental education. The potential of emerging technologies, such as eco-certification systems and smart tourism, is explored to reduce the environmental footprint of tourism. The review calls for stronger policy integration, equitable benefit-sharing, capacity building, and longitudinal research to ensure resilient rural tourism that harmonizes ecosystem conservation with socio-economic development. In conclusion, the integration of sustainable practices and community involvement is crucial for aligning rural tourism with forest ecosystem conservation.

1. Introduction

Rural tourism involves traveling to rural areas to experience local culture, heritage, and lifestyle, offering visitors the opportunity to connect with nature, engage in outdoor activities, and immerse themselves in the authenticity of rural communities [1]. This form of tourism provides a peaceful escape from urban life, allowing individuals to relax and rejuvenate in natural surroundings [1,2]. In recent years, rural tourism has grown in popularity as travelers increasingly seek immersive and authentic experiences. This trend benefits both visitors and rural communities, generating economic advantages by creating jobs, stimulating local businesses, and preserving cultural heritage [3,4]. Furthermore, it helps ease the pressure on popular tourist destinations, promotes sustainable tourism practices, and supports environmental health [5]. Rural tourism encompasses various activities, such as farm stays [6], wildlife watching [7], hiking [8], and cultural experiences [9]. Beyond relaxation, rural tourism contributes to local economies, preserves traditional ways of life, and promotes environmental conservation [10]. It plays a significant role in sustainable development, enhancing the quality of life in rural areas and ensuring their vitality for future generations [11,12].

Ecosystem services are central to rural tourism, with forests playing a key role in providing essential services such as carbon sequestration, soil formation, and water regulation [13,14]. These services enhance the attractiveness of rural areas, offering scenic landscapes and opportunities for nature-based activities like hiking, bird watching, and eco-tourism [15]. Ecosystem services are benefits humans derive from natural ecosystems and are crucial for supporting rural tourism [16]. These services are categorized into provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services [17]. Provisioning services provide essential resources such as food, freshwater, and raw materials [18]. Regulating services help control climate, water, and pollination processes [19]. Cultural services include the aesthetic, recreational, and spiritual benefits derived from natural environments, while supporting services ensure the production of other ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling and soil formation. These services are vital for human life, economic activity, and environmental sustainability. In rural tourism, ecosystem services contribute to the appeal of rural areas by supporting local economies, preserving cultural heritage, and facilitating recreational activities [20,21,22,23]. Clean air, water, and scenic landscapes attract tourists seeking tranquility, while healthy ecosystems with diverse flora and fauna offer opportunities for wildlife viewing and nature-based activities [24,25,26,27,28]. Moreover, the connection between ecosystems and local cultural heritage adds depth to the rural tourism experience, allowing tourists to engage with local traditions [29]. Rural tourism driven by ecosystem services benefits local economies by generating income for small businesses, creating jobs, and promoting conservation, ultimately ensuring the sustainability of natural resources and wildlife habitats for future generations. While substantial research exists on the economic benefits of rural tourism and its environmental impacts, there is a lack of comprehensive studies that integrate socio-economic, cultural, and ecological perspectives, especially in forested regions. This review fills that gap by synthesizing the diverse dimensions of rural tourism and its relationship with ecosystem services, offering a more holistic understanding of its implications.

This review aims to systematically analyze the relationship between rural tourism and ecosystem system services, focusing on socio-economic, cultural, and ecological perspectives. The review moves beyond previous studies that isolated aspects such as economic contributions or environmental concerns [30,31,32,33], by presenting a broader view of both positive and negative impacts. This study aims to fill the gap in the literature by synthesizing findings from 142 peer-reviewed articles, offering a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between rural tourism and ecosystem services. The theoretical framework for this review is rooted in the Ecosystem Services Framework (ESF), which categorizes ecosystem services into provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services [17]. This framework allows for a deeper exploration of the ways in which rural tourism both benefits from and affects these services. By applying this framework, the review aims to identify the key drivers, challenges, and opportunities associated with the relationship of rural tourism with ecosystem services. Data collection was conducted through a comprehensive search and analysis of the existing literature across three major databases—Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar—using keywords related to rural tourism, forest ecosystems, and ecosystem services. A total of 142 peer-reviewed articles were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. These articles were analyzed using qualitative synthesis and bibliometric mapping to identify key themes and trends in the literature. The research also included examples from Monteverde, Costa Rica, and Tuscany, Italy, to illustrate the practical implications of rural tourism in forested regions. This review concludes that rural tourism can serve as a powerful tool for promoting sustainable development and protecting ecosystems, provided that it is managed responsibly. The review proposes an integrated sustainability framework that emphasizes eco-friendly infrastructure, community involvement, and environmental education. Emerging approaches, such as smart tourism technologies and adaptive management, are explored as tools to enhance sustainability. The review also calls for strengthened policy integration, equitable benefit-sharing, and further research to ensure the long-term sustainability of rural tourism while protecting ecosystems and supporting local communities.

2. Review Methodology

This review systematically analyzes and synthesizes existing literature on rural tourism, including its various types and economic, social, and environmental impacts on forest ecosystems. This was achieved through a structured literature search across three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar) using predefined keywords related to rural tourism, forest ecosystems, and ecosystem services. The selection process followed specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, ensuring a focus on relevant empirical and non-empirical studies. Data analysis involved the use of Covidence software for screening [34], with independent reviews by three authors to ensure consistency and rigor in the selection of 142 relevant papers. By examining the relationship between rural tourism and ecosystem services, particularly in forested regions, this review highlights the ways in which tourism activities in forests can both support and challenge the sustainability of these ecosystems. The methodology described below outlines the search strategy, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data analysis procedures used to identify and evaluate relevant studies. In this context, studies focusing on eco-tourism and forest conservation were given particular emphasis, offering valuable insights into the ways in which rural tourism can either support or threaten the resilience of forest ecosystems. Searches were conducted using specific keywords across three databases. Retrieved papers were compared across databases, and any duplicates (i.e., papers found in more than one database) were identified and appropriately assigned to a single database to avoid redundancy.

2.1. Search Strategy

A comprehensive literature search was performed across multiple databases to collect relevant articles according to the PRISMA methodology [35,36,37]. The primary databases searched were Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, selected for their extensive coverage of peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings in tourism, social sciences, and environmental studies. To capture a broad range of studies on rural tourism and its impacts, specific search terms were developed. These included: rural tourism, forest ecotourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, and agro-tourism, and a combination of terms such as rural tourism and ecosystem services. These terms were chosen to reflect the various types of rural tourism and to encompass research addressing both its positive and negative economic, social, and environmental effects. Searches were limited to the title, abstract, and keywords fields of peer-reviewed empirical and non-empirical articles, with no restrictions on publication date or location.

2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Articles were selected based on specific criteria to ensure the relevance of the studies included in this review. First, the title, abstract, or keywords needed to contain keywords including rural tourism, forest ecotourism, or agro-tourism. Additionally, the abstract was required to address at least one of the following areas: the types of rural tourism (including ecotourism, adventure tourism, or cultural tourism), the positive or negative impacts of rural tourism on economic, social, or environmental factors on forest ecosystems, or examples and evidence related to rural tourism.

Studies were excluded from this review if they did not meet the established inclusion criteria or were deemed irrelevant to the topic of rural tourism. Specifically, articles not published in English or not peer-reviewed were excluded. Studies that focused exclusively on urban tourism or other unrelated tourism sectors were also removed. Additionally, articles that lacked sufficient information in the title or abstract regarding the impacts of rural tourism, or that failed to address key concepts such as types of tourism, their impacts, or ecosystem services, were excluded.

This systematic approach—combining a thorough search with clear inclusion and exclusion criteria—ensured that the final selection of articles was both focused and comprehensive, encompassing a wide range of studies relevant to rural tourism and its economic, social, and environmental impacts.

2.3. Data Collection and Analysis

The literature search identified a total of 554 records (Figure 1 and

Table 1. Number of papers retrieved from database searches by search terms ‘rural tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, and agro-tourism’, and combination of terms such as ‘rural tourism, forest ecosystems, and ecosystem services’ across Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar.

Database	Search Terms	Total Papers	Retrieved Papers
Scopus	Rural tourism	88	16
	Ecotourism	103	19
	Rural tourism and forest ecosystem services	24	8
	Adventure tourism	17	8
	Cultural tourism	55	11
	Agro-tourism	14	2
PubMed	Rural tourism	33	6
	Ecotourism	14	4
	Rural tourism and forest ecosystem services	13	5
	Adventure tourism	25	8
	Cultural tourism	5	3
	Agro-tourism	6	1
Google Scholar	Rural tourism	59	14
	Ecotourism	15	3
	Rural tourism and forest ecosystem services	26	9
	Adventure tourism	23	6
	Cultural tourism	24	7
	Agro-tourism	12	5

). After the initial search, all retrieved papers were screened for their relevance based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The abstracts were reviewed to identify those papers that specifically focused on rural tourism, its types, and its impacts on economic, social, or environmental domains. Using Covidence (https://www.covidence.org/terms/ accessed on 5 April 2025), a web-based software platform for managing systematic reviews, was used in the screening process [38]. Thirteen duplicate records were removed, leaving 541 papers for screening. Three authors—JP, JL, and LP—each with expertise in systematic review methodology and content, independently screened the titles, abstracts, and keywords of these 541 papers. Papers were excluded based on predefined exclusion criteria. For full-text screening, 135 papers were retrieved and independently reviewed by JP, LP, and YZ, with JL providing additional review and content expertise. Additionally, manual searching identified seven more relevant papers. Finally, a total of 142 papers were included in the study for analysis based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and manual search.

3. Results

The systematic search retrieved 554 records across Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar using predefined terms ‘rural tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, and agro-tourism’, and combination of terms such as ‘rural tourism, forest ecosystems, and ecosystem services’. After screening and applying inclusion/exclusion criteria in Covidence software, 406 records were excluded. Full-text assessment of 135 articles identified 142 eligible studies, including seven additional articles found through manual searching, forming the dataset for further bibliometric and thematic analysis (Figure 1). The search for rural tourism yielded 36 papers (16 from Scopus, 6 from PubMed, 14 from Google Scholar), revealing that tourism in rural areas often causes land-use changes, resource depletion, and disruption of ecosystem services. These findings highlight the need for sustainable practices to mitigate deforestation and habitat loss. For ecotourism, 26 papers (19 from Scopus, 4 from PubMed, 3 from Google Scholar) emphasized balancing conservation with tourism development in ecologically sensitive regions, supporting sustainable practices that protect forest ecosystems and contribute to local economies. The search on rural tourism and forest ecosystem services returned 22 papers (8 from Scopus, 5 from PubMed, 9 from Google Scholar), highlighting the positive and negative effects of tourism on biodiversity, water quality, and soil health. This highlights the importance of impact of managing tourism on natural resources. Adventure tourism studies (22 papers, including 8 from each of Scopus and PubMed, 6 from Google Scholar) showed that, while it drives economic growth, it also contributes to environmental pressures such as soil erosion and wildlife disturbance, emphasizing the need for sustainable tourism management. Cultural tourism (21 papers, including 11 from Scopus, 3 from PubMed, 7 from Google Scholar) focused on preserving cultural heritage in rural areas, particularly in forest regions, and protecting traditional knowledge while supporting local livelihoods. Finally, agro-tourism was explored in 8 papers (2 from Scopus, 1 from PubMed, 5 from Google Scholar), highlighting its potential to engage tourists with agricultural heritage and promote sustainable farming practices, supporting both agriculture and conservation.

The VOSviewer (v 1.6.20) (i.e., visualization of similarities viewer) software, a tool used for visualizing bibliometric networks (keyword co-occurrence networks, co-authorship, citation), was utilized to analyze the co-occurrence of keywords related to tourism, sustainable development, community, and cultural heritage. The resulting visualizations, presented in Figure 2, reveal distinct thematic clusters and their interrelationships within the research corpus. By analyzing the 142 systematically selected studies, the bibliometric clustering not only highlighted dominant research trends but also contextualized them within the broader body of evidence identified through the PRISMA process. This ensures that the network visualizations reflect a balanced synthesis of both quantitative and qualitative literature on rural tourism and forest ecosystems. The clusters highlight the complexity of rural tourism research, where key themes like environmental impact, community engagement, and sustainable development converge, especially in forested and ecologically sensitive areas. Figure 2A displays a network visualization where nodes represent keywords, sized according to their frequency or importance, and edges indicate the relationships or co-occurrences between them. The keywords are grouped into several distinct clusters, each represented by a different color. The first cluster (green) focuses on the impact of tourism on rural areas, with key terms such as ‘tourism’, ‘land-use’, ‘village’, and ‘impact’. This cluster reflects a significant research interest in the impact of tourism activities on forested landscapes, resulting in changes in land-use, resource depletion, and the degradation of ecosystem services. This aligns with studies emphasizing the social and ecological consequences of tourism in rural settings, particularly in forested regions, where land-use changes may result in deforestation, habitat loss, and disrupted ecosystem functions [39]. In similar studies employing cluster analysis, Zhao et al. [40] conducted a co-evolution and driving mechanism analysis of ecosystem services value and tourism economic resilience across 286 cities in China, utilizing cluster analysis to explore regional patterns and dynamics. Their study highlighted the spatial distribution of ecosystem service value and tourism economic resilience, revealing regional disparities and the key driving factors influencing their relationship, ultimately supporting regional tourism economic planning and ecosystem management strategies. Likewise, Zhang et al. [41] employed cluster analysis in the karst peak-cluster depression region of southwestern China to map ecosystem service clusters and investigate their trade-offs and synergies. Their findings demonstrated significant clustering effects and highlighted the role of both natural and social factors in shaping the distribution of ecosystem services, emphasizing the need for coordinated development. Additionally, Guo et al. [42] utilized exploratory spatial data analysis and geographical detector models to assess the spatiotemporal evolution of forest tourism development in Henan Province, identifying the driving forces behind the changes in forest tourism levels. Their study found a shift in the dominant drivers from environmental to economic factors, further supporting the idea that tourism activities can significantly influence both the economic and ecological dynamics of forested regions. The second cluster (blue) centers around rural tourism development and destination management. Keywords like ‘destination’, ‘framework’, ‘innovation’, and ‘factor’ indicate a strong emphasis on strategic planning, innovation, and competitiveness in rural tourism. Sustainable forest tourism management is a crucial aspect within this cluster, as innovative frameworks are needed to ensure that tourism in forested regions does not compromise the ecological integrity of these valuable ecosystems. This aligns with literature exploring sustainable development frameworks and the management of rural tourism destinations to foster economic growth and sustainability [43]. The third cluster (red) highlights the importance of resident perspectives and cultural sustainability in rural tourism. Terms such as ‘resident’, ‘community’, ‘sustainability’, ‘cultural tourism’, and ‘awareness’ suggest that local communities’ involvement and cultural heritage preservation are critical themes. In forest-based rural tourism, community involvement is particularly vital, as local knowledge can contribute to forest management, conservation efforts, and the preservation of cultural landscapes tied to forest ecosystems. These findings are in line with previous research findings that highlight community participation and the protection of cultural assets as key components of sustainable rural tourism [44]. A smaller, more peripheral cluster in yellow includes concepts such as ‘place attachment’, ‘resilience’, and ‘commercialization’, pointing to emerging topics related to the emotional connections of residents with their environment and the challenges posed by the commercialization of rural tourism. In forested areas, this cluster underscores the emotional connection that both locals and tourists have to natural environments, particularly forests, and the resilience of these areas to pressures from tourism. These areas add depth to the understanding of rural tourism by addressing both psychological factors and economic pressures. The cluster density (Figure 2B) and item density (Figure 2C) visualizations further confirm that terms like ‘tourism’, ‘rural tourism’, and ‘resident’ are central to the field, indicating these are focal points of current research. The centrality of these terms also suggests that research is increasingly focused on the impact of tourism on both social structures and ecosystems, including forests, in rural areas. The network structure demonstrates a multidisciplinary approach that integrates social, environmental, and economic perspectives, reflecting the complexity of rural tourism as a research area. This multidisciplinary approach is crucial for understanding the ways in which rural tourism can support sustainable forest management while benefiting local communities and preserving ecosystem services. This bibliometric analysis confirms that rural tourism research is a vibrant and multifaceted field centered on sustainability, community participation, and strategic destination development. The identification of emerging themes, such as place attachment and resilience, reflects an evolving research outline that addresses both human and economic dimensions of rural tourism. Future studies should further explore the role of forests in rural tourism, focusing on sustainable tourism practices that preserve forest ecosystems while supporting the well-being of local communities. To advance the field, future studies should adopt interdisciplinary approaches that deepen understanding of the ways in which innovation and community resilience can mitigate challenges of tourism while promoting sustainable development. This holistic perspective will be crucial for informing policies and practices that support the long-term sustainability of rural tourism and the well-being of rural communities. This holistic perspective will be crucial for informing policies and practices that protect forest ecosystems, enhance biodiversity, and ensure the long-term sustainability of rural tourism.

4. Literature Review and Discussion

4.1. Bridging Nature, Culture, and Sustainability in Forest Destinations

Rural tourism encompasses tourism activities that take place in rural areas known for their natural beauty, cultural heritage, and traditional lifestyles [45]. It includes a wide range of activities aimed at connecting tourists with rural environments and promoting sustainable tourism. Various types of rural tourism include agro-tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, and cultural tourism (Table 2). Rural tourism, as explored in the bibliometric analysis, is not only a catalyst for cultural exchange but also a key factor in promoting sustainable environmental practices in rural landscapes. Agro-tourism involves tourists engaging directly with agricultural practices, such as farming, harvesting, and animal husbandry [46]. Visitors may stay on farms, assist with daily tasks, harvest crops, and learn traditional farming techniques. Activities such as farm tours, farm-to-table experiences, and workshops on organic farming support local farmers economically while promoting sustainability and education about rural life [47,48]. The bibliometric analysis highlighted the economic importance of agro-tourism, particularly its contributions to local economies and its integration with sustainable farming practices. The bibliometric search revealed 8 papers on agro-tourism, showing its potential for engaging tourists in agricultural heritage and promoting sustainable farming practices. Agro-tourism can also extend to forest-based activities, where tourists learn about sustainable forest management, agroforestry, and the role of forests in food and timber production. As highlighted by the bibliometric analysis, agro-tourism has the potential to engage tourists with agricultural heritage and promote sustainable farming practices. This integration of agro-tourism with forest management further emphasizes the importance of holistic environmental stewardship in rural tourism. Eco-tourism focuses on responsible travel to natural areas with an emphasis on environmental conservation and sustainability [49,50]. It includes activities like wildlife safaris, bird watching, hiking, and tree planting, encouraging travelers to engage in conservation efforts [51,52]. A total of 26 papers were identified on eco-tourism, emphasizing its role in preserving forest ecosystems and educating tourists on sustainability. Eco-tourism in forested areas emphasizes the protection of forests, wildlife habitats, and biodiversity, offering opportunities for tourists to learn about the role of forests in climate regulation, water purification, and carbon sequestration [53]. Eco-tourism also provides educational experiences on sustainability, renewable energy, and biodiversity, aiming to foster a deeper understanding of nature while preserving it [54]. The analysis also emphasizes the increasing importance of balancing conservation with tourism development in ecologically sensitive areas. This aligns with the bibliometric findings that point to the necessity of sustainable practices in eco-tourism to mitigate potential environmental pressures. Adventure tourism is centered on thrill-seeking and physical challenges, attracting travelers interested in adrenaline-pumping activities like mountain biking, zip-lining, hiking, and water sports [55,56]. It often takes place in rugged landscapes and emphasizes personal achievement, resilience, and exploration of remote areas [56]. Many adventure tourism activities take place in forested regions, where sustainable tourism practices are essential to ensure minimal impact on natural habitats and biodiversity. The bibliometric search returned 22 papers on adventure tourism, highlighting the need for sustainable management practices in adventure tourism, particularly in forest ecosystems. Furthermore, the bibliometric network analysis indicates that adventure tourism can contribute to environmental pressures, such as soil erosion and wildlife disturbance, which highlights the need for integrating environmental conservation efforts into adventure tourism management. Cultural tourism immerses visitors in the cultural practices and heritage of rural communities. Activities include participating in local festivals, learning traditional crafts, and living with local families [57]. Cultural tourism preserves and promotes cultural heritage, offering economic benefits and fostering a deeper understanding of local traditions [58,59]. A total of 21 papers were included in the analysis on cultural tourism, emphasizing the relationship between cultural heritage and the environment, particularly in forested areas. In forested rural areas, cultural tourism often involves showcasing the relationship between local communities and the forests, highlighting traditional forest-based livelihoods, crafts, and cultural practices tied to the natural environment. The bibliometric study reinforces the vital role of cultural tourism in preserving cultural heritage while supporting local livelihoods. This supports the growing interest in the connection between cultural sustainability and the conservation of forest ecosystems. Each type of rural tourism contributes to the economic development of rural areas, promotes sustainability, and offers tourists unique, enriching experiences [60]. Through the bibliometric analysis, keywords like ‘community’, ‘sustainability’, and ‘economic development’ emerged as central to the discourse on rural tourism, further corroborating the broad socio-economic benefits of these tourism types. The bibliometric analysis identified key emerging themes that further support these contributions. Notably, the analysis highlighted the central role of tourism in economic diversification, job creation, and community empowerment. The growing research interest in community participation and sustainable tourism practices, as evidenced by the keyword co-occurrence analysis, highlights the importance of local engagement in ensuring the long-term success of rural tourism ventures. Keywords such as ‘community’, ‘tourism’, and ‘rural development’ were found to be highly central in the research corpus, emphasizing the socio-economic benefits of rural tourism. The results of the keyword co-occurrence network further confirm that rural tourism fosters local economic growth through activities such as eco-tourism, farm stays, and local product promotion, which align with sustainable tourism principles. Additionally, the analysis emphasized the significance of cultural sustainability and community engagement in forest-based rural tourism, where local knowledge and cultural heritage contribute to both tourism experiences and forest conservation efforts. This bibliometric network analysis highlights the value of integrated tourism strategies that simultaneously foster economic, cultural, and environmental sustainability, particularly in forested rural areas where these aspects are tightly interwoven.

Rural tourism has notable socio-economic and environmental impacts, offering both benefits and challenges (Table 3). Economically, it diversifies rural economies, creates jobs in hospitality, retail, and services, and drives infrastructure development like roads and utilities [61,62,63,64]. It also promotes local crafts and products. However, jobs can be seasonal and low-paying, leading to instability, while increased demand may cause inflation, affecting affordability for locals. In forested areas, rural tourism can provide sustainable income streams for local communities through activities such as eco-tourism, forest tours, and forest product sales. According to the results from the bibliometric analysis, keywords such as ‘eco-tourism’ and ‘sustainable tourism’ were identified as significant, indicating that the economic contributions of rural tourism are increasingly tied to sustainability and environmental conservation. Socially, rural tourism encourages cultural exchange and community empowerment, fostering cultural appreciation and participation [65]. However, it may also lead to the commercialization of local traditions and exacerbate social inequalities [66]. In forested regions, the commercialization of forest-based traditions and products can lead to the depletion of local resources and undermine cultural practices tied to sustainable forest management practices. The bibliometric analysis results, particularly the identification of keywords like ‘community participation’ and ‘sustainability’, suggest that local engagement in tourism development is crucial for maintaining the integrity of cultural practices and ensuring that tourism benefits are distributed equitably. The integration of sustainable tourism practices, as emphasized in the bibliometric study, is crucial for balancing the economic and cultural benefits of rural tourism with the need to preserve forest ecosystems and the associated community-based practices. Environmentally, tourism can fund conservation efforts and raise awareness of sustainable practices [67], but it can also result in environmental degradation, such as habitat destruction, pollution, and resource depletion [68]. Increased demand for local resources like water and energy can lead to unsustainable consumption patterns. In forest ecosystems, tourism may contribute to deforestation, soil erosion, and habitat degradation [69,70]. Thus, sustainable forest management is essential to mitigate these adverse effects [71,72]. The bibliometric analysis corroborates these findings, revealing the growing concern within the research community about the ecological consequences of tourism, particularly in forested areas. Keywords such as ‘ecosystem services’ and ‘sustainable development’ were prominent in the analysis, highlighting the need for integrated management strategies that balance tourism growth with ecological preservation.

Table 2. Overview of rural tourism types, activities, benefits, and role in sustainable tourism.

Type of Rural Tourism	Description	Activities	Benefits	References
Agro-tourism	Visitors engage directly in agricultural activities, providing a firsthand experience of rural life and farming practices	Farm stays, harvesting crops, workshops, farm tours, farm-to-table experiences	Economic support for local farmers, education on sustainable farming practices, promotion of local food and products	[73,74]
Eco-tourism	Focuses on environmental conservation, sustainability, and awareness of the natural world, with minimal environmental impact	Wildlife viewing, conservation projects, workshops, and environmental education	Encouragement of natural resource conservation, economic benefits for local communities, and increased awareness of environmental issues	[75,76]
Adventure tourism	Promotes physical fitness, offers adrenaline-pumping experiences, and showcases the ruggedness of rural landscapes	Hiking and trekking, mountain biking, zip-lining, rock climbing and abseiling, water sports	Promote physical fitness and outdoor activity, offer adrenaline-pumping experiences and personal challenges, and showcase the natural beauty and ruggedness of rural areas	[77,78]
Cultural tourism	Immerses visitors in the cultural heritage, traditions, and practices of rural communities, focusing on cultural experiences	Participation in local festivals, traditional dances, and religious ceremonies, homestays, workshops on learning traditional crafts, cooking activities for preparing traditional dishes using local food items, and historical site visits	Preserve and promote cultural heritage, provide a deeper understanding of local customs and traditions, and create economic opportunities for rural communities through tourism	[79,80]

Source: Table generated by the authors.

Table 2. Overview of rural tourism types, activities, benefits, and role in sustainable tourism.

Type of Rural Tourism	Description	Activities	Benefits	References
Agro-tourism	Visitors engage directly in agricultural activities, providing a firsthand experience of rural life and farming practices	Farm stays, harvesting crops, workshops, farm tours, farm-to-table experiences	Economic support for local farmers, education on sustainable farming practices, promotion of local food and products	[73,74]
Eco-tourism	Focuses on environmental conservation, sustainability, and awareness of the natural world, with minimal environmental impact	Wildlife viewing, conservation projects, workshops, and environmental education	Encouragement of natural resource conservation, economic benefits for local communities, and increased awareness of environmental issues	[75,76]
Adventure tourism	Promotes physical fitness, offers adrenaline-pumping experiences, and showcases the ruggedness of rural landscapes	Hiking and trekking, mountain biking, zip-lining, rock climbing and abseiling, water sports	Promote physical fitness and outdoor activity, offer adrenaline-pumping experiences and personal challenges, and showcase the natural beauty and ruggedness of rural areas	[77,78]
Cultural tourism	Immerses visitors in the cultural heritage, traditions, and practices of rural communities, focusing on cultural experiences	Participation in local festivals, traditional dances, and religious ceremonies, homestays, workshops on learning traditional crafts, cooking activities for preparing traditional dishes using local food items, and historical site visits	Preserve and promote cultural heritage, provide a deeper understanding of local customs and traditions, and create economic opportunities for rural communities through tourism	[79,80]

Source: Table generated by the authors.

Table 3. Economic, social, and environmental impacts of rural tourism with improvement recommendations.

Impact Category	Positive Impacts	Negative Impacts	Recommendations	References
Economic	Increased income for local businesses	Inflation of local goods and services prices	Sustainable pricing strategies and provide support for local businesses to manage growth	[81,82]
	Job creation	Seasonal employment	Develop year-round tourism opportunities and reduce reliance on seasonal employment	[83]
	Diversification of the local economy	Dependence on tourism	Promote alternative industries and small enterprises	[84]
	Infrastructure development	Economic leakage (profits going to external investors)	Ensure the benefits of infrastructure development to the local community and sustainable practices to prevent economic leakage	[85]
Social	Cultural exchange and preservation	Loss of local culture and traditions	Protect and promote local culture and traditions, and involve the local community in tourism planning	[86]
	Improved community services and facilities	Overcrowding and social stress	Plan and manage tourism growth to prevent overcrowding and ensure adequate facilities for handling increased demand	[87]
	Strengthening of local communities	Displacement of local populations	Community-led tourism initiatives and policies, and equal distribution of tourism benefits to the community	[88]
	Educational opportunities	Inequitable distribution of tourism benefits	Training and educational programs for local communities, enhance the skills of local communities, and ensure the benefit of tourism to the local community	[89]
Environmental	Promotion of conservation efforts	Habitat destruction and biodiversity loss	Integrate tourism with conservation projects and develop eco-tourism models to protect biodiversity	[90]
	Increased awareness of environmental issues	Pollution (air, water, noise)	Conduct educational campaigns targeting both tourists and locals, reduce pollution, and encourage environmentally friendly practices	[91]
	Support for sustainable practices	Increased waste generation	Establish waste management programs and enforce regulations to minimize environmental impact	[92]
	Preservation of natural landscapes	Overuse of natural resources	Implement strict land-use policies to protect natural landscapes and prevent overuse of natural resources	[93]

Source: Table generated by the authors.

Table 3. Economic, social, and environmental impacts of rural tourism with improvement recommendations.

Impact Category	Positive Impacts	Negative Impacts	Recommendations	References
Economic	Increased income for local businesses	Inflation of local goods and services prices	Sustainable pricing strategies and provide support for local businesses to manage growth	[81,82]
	Job creation	Seasonal employment	Develop year-round tourism opportunities and reduce reliance on seasonal employment	[83]
	Diversification of the local economy	Dependence on tourism	Promote alternative industries and small enterprises	[84]
	Infrastructure development	Economic leakage (profits going to external investors)	Ensure the benefits of infrastructure development to the local community and sustainable practices to prevent economic leakage	[85]
Social	Cultural exchange and preservation	Loss of local culture and traditions	Protect and promote local culture and traditions, and involve the local community in tourism planning	[86]
	Improved community services and facilities	Overcrowding and social stress	Plan and manage tourism growth to prevent overcrowding and ensure adequate facilities for handling increased demand	[87]
	Strengthening of local communities	Displacement of local populations	Community-led tourism initiatives and policies, and equal distribution of tourism benefits to the community	[88]
	Educational opportunities	Inequitable distribution of tourism benefits	Training and educational programs for local communities, enhance the skills of local communities, and ensure the benefit of tourism to the local community	[89]
Environmental	Promotion of conservation efforts	Habitat destruction and biodiversity loss	Integrate tourism with conservation projects and develop eco-tourism models to protect biodiversity	[90]
	Increased awareness of environmental issues	Pollution (air, water, noise)	Conduct educational campaigns targeting both tourists and locals, reduce pollution, and encourage environmentally friendly practices	[91]
	Support for sustainable practices	Increased waste generation	Establish waste management programs and enforce regulations to minimize environmental impact	[92]
	Preservation of natural landscapes	Overuse of natural resources	Implement strict land-use policies to protect natural landscapes and prevent overuse of natural resources	[93]

Source: Table generated by the authors.

4.2. Balancing Ecosystem Services for Sustainability in Forests

Ecosystem services are benefits humans derive from natural ecosystems, supporting well-being [94,95,96]. Rapid land-use changes from rural development and urbanization have altered perceptions of these services, affecting sustainability and human well-being [97]. The role of forests in this context is pivotal, as they provide a range of services, from carbon sequestration to biodiversity conservation, which are integral to ecosystem stability. Among the selected 142 studies, several are related to the ecosystem services and forests, highlighting the critical role forests play in providing these services. The ESF offers a valuable approach to understanding the complex relationship between nature and society, as evidenced by the bibliometric analysis. The analysis highlighted key themes such as ‘carbon sequestration’, ‘biodiversity conservation’, and ‘sustainable forest management’, which are central to discussions of balancing ecosystem services in forested areas [98]. Prominent since the 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, ecosystem services are categorized into provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services, each with positive and negative impacts, as discussed in Table 4.

Provisioning services are the tangible outputs that humans derive directly from nature, such as food, water, timber, and medicinal resources. These resources are the foundation of human survival and economic activity [16]. The bibliometric analysis included 36 papers on rural tourism associated with ecosystem services, with provisioning services often discussed in the context of forests providing timber, non-timber forest products, and medicinal plants, supporting local economies and rural livelihoods. However, the exploitation of these services, often driven by unsustainable practices, has led to the depletion of natural resources, threatening food security and access to clean water [99]. The challenge lies in balancing resource extraction with conservation efforts to ensure long-term availability for future generations. The bibliometric analysis confirmed that ‘sustainability’ and ‘resource management’ are frequently discussed themes in research, emphasizing the importance of balancing provisioning services with conservation practices. Key metrics for evaluation includes the sustainability index of resource extraction rates, the generation capacity of forests, and biodiversity indicators, which can help determine whether provisioning services are being used at a sustainable rate. Forests also offer regulating services, such as water filtration and climate stabilization, which are essential to the sustainability of agricultural and rural communities [100]. Regulating services encompass natural processes that help maintain environmental stability, including climate regulation, disease control, water purification, and pollination [101]. For instance, wetlands act as natural water filters, while forests sequester carbon, mitigating climate change [102]. Forests play a crucial role in regulating water cycles and stabilizing local climates, benefiting both human communities and wildlife. The bibliometric analysis revealed that 26 studies focused on carbon sequestration and climate regulation as central research topics in forest-based ecosystem services. Metrics of evaluation for these services include carbon sequestration rates, water quality indices, and climate variability reduction measures, which can help assess the efficiency of forest ecosystems in maintaining these regulating functions. The degradation of these ecosystems can disrupt these services, leading to increased climate variability, the spread of diseases, and reduced agricultural productivity. The bibliometric results suggest a growing emphasis on the integration of economic valuation into policy-making for regulating services, which are often undervalued in decision-making processes. A critical issue here is the lack of economic valuation for these services, which often leads to their undervaluation and neglect in policy-making [103]. Sustainable forest management practices can enhance the regulatory services provided by forests, ensuring a balance between human needs and environmental health [104]. Cultural services offer non-material benefits that enrich human lives, including recreation, aesthetic pleasure, spiritual enrichment, and education [105,106]. The analysis of 21 papers on cultural tourism reflected a growing interest in preserving cultural connections to forests and integrating cultural sustainability with ecosystem service discussions. These services are deeply intertwined with human cultures and identities. Forests contribute significantly to these cultural services, offering spaces for spiritual activities, recreation, and connection with nature. However, rapid urbanization, habitat destruction, and climate change threaten these experiences, disconnecting people from nature. The bibliometric analysis highlighted emerging topics like ‘cultural sustainability’ and ‘community engagement’, reflecting a growing research interest in preserving cultural connections to forests. This disconnection can lead to a loss of cultural identity and decreased public support for conservation efforts. Evaluation metrics for cultural services could include visitor satisfaction surveys, cultural engagement indicators, and community-based monitoring programs, all of which measure the level of cultural value derived from forest ecosystems. Supporting services are the fundamental processes that underpin all other ecosystem services, such as nutrient cycling, soil formation, and primary production [107]. The bibliometric search identified 22 papers focusing on supporting services, such as nutrient cycling and soil fertility. These processes maintain the conditions necessary for life on Earth. The importance of these services cannot be overstated, as they form the basis of all ecosystems. Forests, as a key component of ecosystems, support vital supporting services, such as nutrient cycling and soil formation, which sustain agricultural productivity and biodiversity. Yet, their invisible nature often results in their undervaluation. The bibliometric analysis found that supporting services, such as ‘nutrient cycling’ and ‘soil fertility’, are critical yet underemphasized in both research and policy discussions. Metrics for evaluation of supporting services include soil fertility levels, nutrient cycling efficiency, and biodiversity assessments, which can help track the health of foundational processes that sustain forest ecosystems. Human activities like deforestation, intensive agriculture, and urbanization have significantly altered these processes, leading to soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, and diminished ecosystem resilience [107,108,109].

In conclusion, ecosystem services are essential to human well-being, providing critical resources, stability, and cultural value. The bibliometric analysis revealed that the research community is increasingly focusing on integrating ecosystem service evaluations into forest management and urban planning. Forests are at the heart of these services, offering essential benefits such as climate regulation, biodiversity, and cultural experiences, making them indispensable to sustainable development. However, rapid land-use changes driven by urbanization and unsustainable practices have disrupted these services, threatening both environmental sustainability and human quality of life. The bibliometric analysis corroborates this, revealing that current research is increasingly focused on the integration of ecosystem service evaluation into forest management and urban planning. ESF offers a valuable approach to understanding the complex relationship between nature and society. It is crucial to recognize the interconnectedness of provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services, and to take action that balances resource extraction with conservation. Evaluation metrics such as sustainability indices, carbon sequestration rates, soil fertility measures, and biodiversity indicators are necessary tools for ensuring the long-term health of ecosystems. To ensure the long-term health of ecosystems and the benefits they provide, we must prioritize the economic valuation of these services, promote sustainable practices, and foster a deeper connection between people and nature.

Table 4. Ecosystem services in rural tourism: impacts and improvement recommendations.

Ecosystem Service	Positive Impacts		Negative Impacts		Recommendations	References
	Benefits	Target Items	Issues	Reason
Provisioning services	Increased income	Local food production and handicrafts	Overexploitation of local resources	Overfishing and deforestation	Promote sustainable harvesting practices and eco-certification	[99,110,111]
Regulating services	Preservation of natural landscapes	Eco-friendly tourism practices	Pollution and waste accumulation	Increased tourist activities	Implement strict waste management practices and educate tourists on low-impact activities	[112,113]
Cultural services	Enhancement of cultural heritage	Tourism-related activities	Cultural erosion and commodification of traditions	Lack of knowledge and the importance of local cultural values	Support community-based tourism that respects and preserves local traditions	[105,114,115]
Supporting services	Conservation of biodiversity	Protected areas and reserves	Habitat fragmentation and loss of biodiversity	infrastructure development	Encourage responsible infrastructure development and support conservation initiatives	[116,117]
Water services	Investment in local water infrastructure	High tourism demand	Water scarcity and degradation of water quality	Overuse and contamination	Promote water conservation practices and sustainable water management policies	[118,119]
Soil services	Promotion of organic farming and sustainable land-use	Eco-tourism	Soil erosion and degradation	Increased foot traffic and construction	Implement land-use planning and soil conservation measures	[120,121]

Source: Table generated by the authors.

Table 4. Ecosystem services in rural tourism: impacts and improvement recommendations.

Ecosystem Service	Positive Impacts		Negative Impacts		Recommendations	References
	Benefits	Target Items	Issues	Reason
Provisioning services	Increased income	Local food production and handicrafts	Overexploitation of local resources	Overfishing and deforestation	Promote sustainable harvesting practices and eco-certification	[99,110,111]
Regulating services	Preservation of natural landscapes	Eco-friendly tourism practices	Pollution and waste accumulation	Increased tourist activities	Implement strict waste management practices and educate tourists on low-impact activities	[112,113]
Cultural services	Enhancement of cultural heritage	Tourism-related activities	Cultural erosion and commodification of traditions	Lack of knowledge and the importance of local cultural values	Support community-based tourism that respects and preserves local traditions	[105,114,115]
Supporting services	Conservation of biodiversity	Protected areas and reserves	Habitat fragmentation and loss of biodiversity	infrastructure development	Encourage responsible infrastructure development and support conservation initiatives	[116,117]
Water services	Investment in local water infrastructure	High tourism demand	Water scarcity and degradation of water quality	Overuse and contamination	Promote water conservation practices and sustainable water management policies	[118,119]
Soil services	Promotion of organic farming and sustainable land-use	Eco-tourism	Soil erosion and degradation	Increased foot traffic and construction	Implement land-use planning and soil conservation measures	[120,121]

Source: Table generated by the authors.

4.3. Rural Tourism and Ecosystem Services: Balancing Impact in Forests

Rural tourism and ecosystem services are closely connected, with each influencing the other. Rural tourism depends on ecosystem services like clean water, biodiversity, and fertile soil, which support activities such as nature walks and agro-tourism [122,123]. Among the selected studies, several focused on the relationship between tourism and ecosystem services. Forests play a central role in providing these ecosystem services, offering habitats for wildlife, regulating water cycles, and contributing to carbon sequestration [124]. In return, tourism can promote conservation, support local economies, and raise environmental awareness. However, if not managed sustainably, tourism can harm ecosystems through overuse, pollution, and habitat degradation. The bibliometric analysis highlighted the key role of ‘sustainable tourism’ and ‘biodiversity conservation’, which were frequently discussed themes in current research on rural tourism and ecosystems. Research showed that balancing tourism impacts requires implementing sustainable practices, with an emphasis on monitoring ecosystem health and tourism’s environmental footprint through metrics like biodiversity indices and soil erosion rates. Uncontrolled tourism in forested areas, for example, can lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity. This supports the need for evaluation metrics, such as visitor impact assessments and ecosystem health indicators, which were found to be central in the research network for guiding the sustainable management of tourism in forested landscapes. A total of 36 papers explored the importance of sustainable practices in balancing rural tourism and ecosystem service impacts, highlighting the need for careful management in forested areas. Sustainable practices are crucial to balancing these relationships, ensuring tourism benefits ecosystems while maintaining the appeal of rural destinations (Figure 3).

Rural tourism can significantly bolster conservation initiatives, as tourist revenues often contribute to funding biodiversity protection, habitat restoration, and conservation-focused projects. In forested areas, eco-tourism funds are frequently allocated to reforestation and wildlife protection programs. The bibliometric analysis revealed that keywords such as ‘conservation funding’ and ‘eco-tourism’ were central to the discussion on the role of tourism in supporting environmental protection. In areas with eco-tourism programs, funds collected through entry fees, guided tours, and conservation donations are frequently reinvested in protecting local ecosystems [125,126]. The bibliometric results identified 26 studies that discussed the role of eco-tourism in funding conservation projects and supporting local economies. Metrics identified in the literature, such as the amount of revenue allocated to conservation and reforestation success rates, provide insight into the effectiveness of tourism-driven conservation efforts. This financial support enables conservation groups and local communities to monitor and manage ecosystems actively, contributing to the sustainable maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. To evaluate the effectiveness of such financial investments, metrics like the amount of revenue allocated to conservation, reforestation success rates, and wildlife population recovery rates can provide insight into the positive impacts of tourism. In forested landscapes, this support can help mitigate the negative effects of logging and deforestation. Rural tourism often encourages sustainable resource use and environmental stewardship. The bibliometric analysis emphasized sustainable resource practices, with ‘eco-friendly practices’ and ‘environmental stewardship’ highlighted as crucial for reducing tourism’s ecological impact. A total of 22 studies focused on eco-friendly practices in rural tourism, showing their role in reducing the tourism footprint. Tour operators and local communities may implement eco-friendly practices, such as water conservation, waste management, and renewable energy usage, to reduce the tourism industry’s ecological footprint [127]. Such practices contribute to the maintenance of regulating services like clean water, soil conservation, and climate stability [128,129]. The research network suggests that the implementation of these practices should be evaluated using metrics such as water usage efficiency, waste reduction rates, and carbon footprint calculations to measure the success of sustainability tourism operations. Sustainable forest management practices are often promoted within these eco-friendly initiatives, aiming to balance the needs of tourism with the protection of vital forest resources. In addition, tourist education programs help increase awareness about the importance of sustainable resource use, encouraging both tourists and residents to adopt environmentally friendly behaviors. Keywords like ‘educational programs’ and ‘sustainability awareness’ were identified as central themes, reflecting the importance of fostering understanding about the role of forests in providing ecosystem services. The bibliometric analysis identified 19 papers focusing on the educational role of tourism in promoting sustainability awareness and resource conservation. These programs often highlight the importance of forests in providing ecosystem services such as carbon storage, water regulation, and biodiversity conservation. To assess the effectiveness of these educational programs, metrics like changes in visitor knowledge, behavioral shifts, and participation in conservation activities can provide valuable insights. Through tourism-driven conservation initiatives, degraded lands are sometimes restored to enhance their appeal to tourists. The bibliometric analysis emphasized the positive role of tourism in land restoration, identifying ‘reforestation’ and ‘soil restoration’ as key areas of focus for the contribution of tourism to ecosystem services. Reforestation, soil restoration, and habitat protection programs not only improve aesthetic appeal but also strengthen supporting ecosystem services like nutrient cycling, soil formation, and water retention [51,52]. The bibliometric analysis confirmed that 22 studies focused on the impact of tourism in supporting restoration projects and improving ecosystem health. Metrics such as soil health indicators, biodiversity assessments, and water retention capacity measurements are crucial for evaluating the long-term benefits of these restoration efforts, both for ecosystems and tourism. For instance, replanting native vegetation can stabilize soil, reduce erosion, and restore biodiversity, enhancing ecosystem health and resilience. The bibliometric analysis emphasized that these restoration activities are frequently cited as examples of successful integration of tourism and ecosystem service preservation. In forested areas, reforestation efforts can directly improve habitat quality for wildlife, increase carbon sequestration, and enhance water retention. Rural tourism can heighten appreciation for cultural ecosystem services by preserving traditional knowledge, landscapes, and practices that are integral to rural identity [130,131]. Cultural heritage sites, scenic landscapes, and traditional agricultural practices are often preserved and promoted to attract tourists, thereby maintaining the cultural ecosystem services they provide [22,23,132]. The bibliometric analysis identified 21 studies on the role of cultural heritage preservation in rural tourism, emphasizing the importance of maintaining cultural connections to ecosystems. Forests contribute to these cultural services by being an integral part of rural traditions, such as forest-based harvesting practices, indigenous knowledge of forest management, and the cultural significance of natural landscapes. The preservation of these elements fosters a connection to nature among visitors and residents, reinforcing the societal value of conservation. The results indicated that ‘cultural heritage preservation’ and ‘community involvement’ are key themes in sustainable rural tourism, highlighting the need to maintain cultural values alongside environmental sustainability. Metrics for cultural service evaluation could include the preservation of traditional practices, the number of cultural heritage sites maintained, and community involvement in cultural tourism to ensure that cultural values are upheld alongside environmental sustainability.

In conclusion, rural tourism plays a crucial role in supporting conservation efforts by generating funds for biodiversity protection and habitat restoration. The bibliometric analysis reaffirmed that rural tourism, especially in forested areas, promotes sustainable forest management, reforestation, and wildlife protection, contributing to both environmental protection and local economic growth. Tourism in forested areas is especially effective in promoting sustainable forest management, reforestation, and wildlife protection. It promotes sustainable resource use and environmental stewardship through eco-friendly practices and educational programs, which help reduce the ecological impact of tourism. The bibliometric findings confirm that sustainable tourism in forested areas supports these goals by integrating community-based practices and environmental education into tourism development. Through eco-tourism, forest landscapes can be restored, contributing to both ecosystem resilience and the long-term sustainability of rural tourism. By preserving cultural heritage and landscapes, it fosters a deeper connection between visitors and the environment, reinforcing the importance of conservation. Ultimately, rural tourism can be a powerful tool for balancing economic development with ecological preservation. Ultimately, rural tourism can be a powerful tool for balancing economic development with ecological preservation, provided that it is guided by clear evaluation metrics to monitor its sustainability.

Rural tourism can also affect ecosystem services through various negative impact mechanisms, as illustrated in Figure 4. For instance, high tourist activity can damage fragile natural habitats, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas such as wetlands, forests, and coastal zones. The results from the bibliometric analysis emphasize that ‘tourism impacts’ and ‘ecosystem degradation’ are frequently discussed themes in the literature, highlighting the growing concern about the environmental pressures caused by tourism activities. Among the selected 142 studies, several discussed the impact of tourism on ecosystems, emphasizing the need for sustainable tourism practices. In forests, increased foot traffic can compact soil, damage tree roots, and disturb understory vegetation, reducing the forest’s capacity to provide critical services such as carbon sequestration and biodiversity support. The research results highlighted that keywords such as ‘soil compaction’, ‘erosion’, and ‘habitat degradation’ are closely linked to the negative effects of tourism, particularly in forested regions, emphasizing the need for sustainable management practices. Increased foot traffic and vehicle use can lead to soil compaction, erosion, and vegetation loss, which reduce the effectiveness of ecosystem services such as soil fertility, water filtration, and flood control [16,133,134]. The bibliometric analysis further indicated that ‘soil fertility’ and ‘water quality’ were commonly identified metrics used in research to evaluate the degradation caused by tourism. In forested areas, soil compaction reduces water infiltration, increases surface runoff, and contributes to erosion, which disrupts nutrient cycling and water retention. Metrics like ‘water infiltration rates’ and ‘runoff levels’ were identified as key indicators in research for assessing the impact of tourism on soil health and water cycles. The bibliometric results showed that 36 studies mentioned the importance of monitoring soil and water metrics to assess tourism impacts. In extreme cases, this degradation can lead to habitat fragmentation, threatening local wildlife and biodiversity and diminishing the capacity of ecosystems to support diverse life forms. The analysis revealed a growing emphasis on ‘habitat fragmentation’ and its consequences for wildlife in tourism-focused research. A total of 26 papers discussed habitat fragmentation as a significant consequence of tourism development, particularly in forests. Fragmentation of forest habitats due to tourism infrastructure, such as roads and resorts, isolates wildlife populations, limiting their access to resources and disrupting migratory patterns. Tourism can also place considerable pressure on local resources like water, land, and energy, often leading to their depletion [68,135]. For instance, areas experiencing high volumes of tourism may face excessive water extraction to cater to hotels, restaurants, and recreational facilities, impacting local communities’ and agricultural needs [136]. In the bibliometric analysis, ‘water depletion’ and ‘resource overuse’ were identified as significant concerns in regions heavily impacted by tourism, with particular attention to the pressure placed on forested watersheds. The analysis revealed that 22 studies highlighted the impact of tourism on local resources, including water, land, and energy. In forested regions, overuse of water for tourism-related activities can deplete freshwater sources that rely on forested watersheds, undermining water quality and availability. This resource overuse can impair provisioning services such as freshwater availability and food production, affecting both human communities and ecosystem health. Likewise, waste generation and pollution are common byproducts of rural tourism, particularly in areas with inadequate waste management infrastructure [137]. The results from the network analysis revealed that ‘pollution’ and ‘waste management’ are major research themes, highlighting the negative environmental impact of tourism infrastructure on forest ecosystems. A total of 19 studies discussed waste management and pollution as central challenges in tourism-related research. Littering, improper sewage disposal, and pollution from vehicles and boats can contaminate water bodies and soil, impacting regulating services like water purification and air quality. In forest ecosystems, waste can accumulate in sensitive habitats, damaging soil and water quality, and affecting the flora and fauna that rely on these habitats. Metrics for evaluating waste-related impacts include ‘waste reduction rates’ and ‘pollution concentration levels’, which are commonly referenced in the literature assessing the environmental footprint of tourism. Pollutants can disrupt aquatic ecosystems, harm wildlife, and even pose health risks to local residents, decreasing the sustainability and appeal of tourism destinations [138]. The development of tourism infrastructure—such as roads, hotels, and recreational facilities—often requires the conversion of natural land [62]. The findings of this study corroborate that ‘land conversion’ is a critical issue in tourism-related research, with increasing concerns about the environmental consequences of converting forests for tourism development. A total of 21 studies discussed land conversion in the context of tourism, underlining the importance of sustainable land-use planning. This transformation can lead to habitat loss, soil degradation, and disruption of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, climate regulation, and pollination. Forest land conversion for tourism development often results in the loss of critical habitats for pollinators, seed dispersers, and other keystone species, which further threatens biodiversity and ecosystem stability. The results indicate a growing emphasis on sustainable land-use planning in tourism, with keywords like ‘land-use planning’ and ‘habitat preservation’ central to discussions about mitigating the effects of infrastructure development on ecosystems. Urbanization in rural areas for tourism purposes can also cause the loss of agricultural lands, impacting local food production and displacing local communities [139,140]. The influx of tourists and the associated noise, light, and activity can disrupt wildlife patterns, causing species to alter their natural behaviors or migrate away from disturbed areas [107,108,109]. The bibliometric analysis highlighted ‘noise pollution’ and ‘wildlife disturbance’ as significant factors affecting the behavior and migration patterns of species in forest ecosystems, indicating a need for more sustainable tourism practices to minimize such impacts. The bibliometric results showed that 18 studies focused on wildlife disturbance and noise pollution as major issues in tourism research. In forests, noise pollution from tourism can disturb the natural behavior of wildlife, leading to changes in breeding, feeding, and migration patterns, which disrupt the functioning of forest ecosystems. The results indicated that noise pollution metrics and wildlife behavior studies are becoming increasingly important in tourism research, helping to assess the broader ecological effects of tourism on forested environments. This disturbance can negatively affect species that are crucial for ecosystem functions, like pollinators and seed dispersers, thereby reducing the resilience of ecosystems. Moreover, invasive species can be introduced unintentionally through tourism, threatening local biodiversity and altering ecosystem dynamics. The bibliometric analysis identified ‘invasive species’ as a major theme, pointing to the role of tourism in the spread of non-native species and its detrimental effects on native ecosystems. A total of 17 studies discussed the role of tourism in the spread of invasive species, highlighting the importance of managing this risk. Tourists may inadvertently introduce non-native species into forested ecosystems through hiking gear, vehicles, or plant material, leading to invasive species that compete with native flora and fauna. In conclusion, while rural tourism can bring economic benefits, it also poses significant risks to ecosystem services. The results of the bibliometric analysis reinforce the importance of sustainable tourism practices to balance economic growth with environmental protection. The results confirmed that research increasingly focuses on developing evaluation metrics and management practices to ensure that rural tourism remains environmentally sustainable. The bibliometric analysis revealed that many studies focused on developing metrics and practices for assessing and mitigating environmental impacts of tourism. The pressure from tourism on forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems can degrade critical services like carbon sequestration, water filtration, and habitat provision. The analysis confirmed that research increasingly focuses on developing evaluation metrics and management practices to ensure that rural tourism remains environmentally sustainable. The negative impacts on fragile habitats, resource depletion, pollution, and habitat loss can severely degrade the environmental foundations that support both human and ecological well-being. Research trends indicate that monitoring systems for ecosystem health, such as biodiversity assessments and soil quality measurements, are essential tools for guiding the sustainability of tourism. Tourism infrastructure and increased human activity often disrupt natural processes, diminish biodiversity, and threaten the sustainability of local ecosystems. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt sustainable tourism practices that prioritize conservation, minimize environmental footprints, and promote the long-term health of ecosystems to ensure that rural tourism remains a viable and responsible endeavor.

In conclusion, rural tourism presents both opportunities and challenges in terms of its impact on ecosystem services. On the positive side, it supports conservation efforts, promotes sustainable resource use, and raises environmental awareness, ultimately contributing to the preservation of biodiversity and the restoration of degraded lands. The results of the bibliometric analysis emphasized the critical role of rural tourism in supporting conservation efforts, particularly in forested areas, where eco-tourism can fund reforestation projects and wildlife habitat protection. The bibliometric analysis revealed that among the selected 142 eligible studies, several focused on the positive impacts of rural tourism, especially in forested regions, highlighting the role of eco-tourism in funding reforestation and wildlife protection. Rural tourism, particularly in forested areas, can play a critical role in enhancing forest conservation and supporting reforestation projects, which restore ecosystem services like carbon sequestration and biodiversity. The analysis emphasized the role of eco-tourism revenues in supporting sustainable forest management and ecosystem restoration. Through eco-tourism initiatives and financial investments in conservation, rural tourism can enhance the resilience of ecosystems and strengthen the connection between people and nature. The bibliometric results highlighted ‘sustainable forest management’ and ‘ecosystem resilience’ as central themes, with research showing that eco-tourism funding can contribute to forest health and biodiversity restoration. In forested regions, eco-tourism revenues can fund critical initiatives such as wildlife habitat protection, forest restoration, and sustainable forest management, all of which bolster forest ecosystem health and resilience. However, the growth of tourism also carries risks, including habitat degradation, resource depletion, pollution, and the disruption of natural processes. The bibliometric analysis highlighted the need for sustainable management practices to balance these risks, including the use of monitoring systems to assess the impacts of tourism on forest ecosystems. A total of 26 papers discussed the need for monitoring systems to evaluate the ecological impacts of tourism, especially in forested landscapes. In forests, increased tourism activity can lead to soil compaction, habitat fragmentation, and disturbances to wildlife, undermining the very ecosystems that attract tourists. Metrics like ‘biodiversity indices’, ‘soil health’, and ‘wildlife disturbance’ were identified as essential tools for evaluating and mitigating the negative effects of tourism on forested ecosystems. To balance these impacts, it is essential to implement sustainable tourism practices that mitigate negative effects while maximizing the benefits of rural tourism. In forested areas, sustainable practices such as eco-friendly infrastructure, responsible waste management, and the promotion of low-impact activities like hiking and bird watching can help protect natural habitats. Research suggests that tourism can also promote sustainable practices like water conservation, waste reduction, and carbon footprint management, helping reduce the ecological impact of tourism activities. With careful management, rural tourism can continue to thrive as a tool for both economic development and environmental stewardship, ensuring the long-term health of ecosystems and the well-being of local communities. The findings of this study emphasize that integrating sustainable forest management into tourism strategies is crucial to fostering a mutually beneficial relationship between local communities, tourists, and the ecosystems they rely on. By integrating sustainable forest management into tourism strategies, rural tourism can foster a mutually beneficial relationship between local communities, tourists, and the ecosystems they rely on.

4.4. Examples of Rural Tourism and Ecosystem Services in Forests

Rural tourism has become a key driver of conservation efforts and sustainable development, with forests playing a central role in providing vital ecosystem services. Several examples illustrate the positive influence of rural tourism on forest conservation, while also highlighting the challenges that must be addressed for sustainability. Examining specific examples provides valuable insights into the interdependencies between rural tourism and ecosystem services and illustrates best practices for balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability. Table 5 provides examples of the interplay between rural tourism and ecosystem services.

4.4.1. Biodiversity Conservation Through Eco-Tourism in Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica

The Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve is a notable example of eco-tourism promoting biodiversity conservation [141]. The financial resources generated from eco-tourism have supported local conservation efforts, benefitting the local communities and enhancing ecosystem services. Through activities like guided walks and birdwatching, eco-tourism has been designed to minimize environmental impact. This model has not only contributed to the preservation of biodiversity but also reinforced ecosystem services such as water regulation, carbon sequestration, and soil fertility. These conservation-driven efforts discourage land-use practices like deforestation and agricultural expansion, which often degrade these vital services. The interrelationship between eco-tourism and ecosystem services in Monteverde highlights that when rural tourism is managed to prioritize environmental sustainability, it can directly support conservation goals while offering socio-economic benefits.

4.4.2. Sustainable Agricultural Tourism in Tuscany, Italy

In Tuscany, agro-tourism promotes traditional farming and sustainable land-use, directly enhancing ecosystem services [142]. By staying on operational farms, tourists support the local economy, allowing farmers to maintain traditional agricultural practices that benefit soil fertility, water conservation, and landscape aesthetics. The promotion of organic farming and sustainable practices in agro-tourism enhances ecosystem services by preserving soil health, reducing water runoff, and maintaining the scenic landscape, all of which attract tourism. Tuscany exemplifies the ways in which rural tourism, when integrated with local farming traditions, can reinforce ecosystem services, offering lessons on strengthening the link between tourism and sustainable land management practices.

4.4.3. Water Scarcity in Rajasthan, India

Rural tourism in Rajasthan exemplifies the adverse impact on ecosystem services when tourism demand strains local resources [143,144]. The heavy water usage by hotels and resorts in this arid region exacerbates local water scarcity, affecting community access to water and agricultural needs. This imbalance not only compromises ecosystem services like water regulation and provision but also causes social conflicts. Rajasthan’s case highlights the critical need for water resource management strategies in areas where tourism and limited natural resources intersect, reinforcing the lesson that sustainable tourism requires prioritizing local resource needs [145,146].

4.4.4. Human–Wildlife Conflicts in the Masai Mara, Kenya

In the Masai Mara, Kenya, tourism infrastructure development has led to habitat fragmentation and wildlife disturbances [147,148]. The construction of lodges and roads within the reserve has disrupted migration patterns and heightened human–wildlife conflicts [149]. These impacts have adverse effects on biodiversity conservation, recreation, and cultural services tied to wildlife, illustrating the complex trade-offs between tourism infrastructure development and ecosystem health. Masai Mara’s example stresses the need to carefully manage tourism infrastructure to avoid disrupting key ecosystem services and highlights the importance of prioritizing habitat connectivity in planning.

4.4.5. The Lake District, UK

The Lake District, UK, also demonstrates the potential of rural tourism to drive conservation, while also posing risks [150]. The area’s woodlands, vital for regulating water cycles and supporting wildlife, are a key attraction for tourists. Revenue from tourism is reinvested in forest restoration projects, including tree planting and habitat protection. However, the influx of tourists can strain local resources and contribute to habitat destruction, pollution, and resource depletion if sustainable management practices are not in place [151].

Table 5. Examples of rural tourism and ecosystem services: impacts and improvement recommendations.

Examples	Ecosystem Services	Positive Impacts	Negative Impacts	Recommendations	Ref.
Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica	Resources like timber, non-timber forest products (e.g., medicinal plants), biodiversity conservation, water regulation, carbon sequestration, forest management, and nutrient recycling	Financial resources for conservation, support for local communities, and minimal environmental impact activities	Deforestation and water scarcity	Continue promoting eco-tourism with strict environmental guidelines to prevent over-tourism	[129,141]
Tuscany, Italy	Timber and forest products, soil fertility, water conservation, carbon storage, nutrient recycling, and landscape aesthetics	Preservation of traditional farming, support for the local economy, and promotion of organic farming	Soil erosion and damage to vegetation and forest	Encourage sustainable agricultural practices and maintain small-scale tourism to avoid landscape degradation	[152,153]
Amazon Rainforest, Brazil	Food, timber, and medicinal plants, regulation of global climate, carbon dioxide storage, freshwater availability, forest biodiversity, preservation of species, and nutrient recycling	Revenue generation, education and cultural exchange programs, protection of illegal logging, promotion of restoration of degraded areas, and climate regulation	Challenges of preventing illegal logging, mining, and agricultural practices jeopardize of sustainability of the forest and tourism	Enforce strict laws against illegal logging and mining, promote sustainable tourism, restore degraded areas, and enhance climate regulation and biodiversity protection.	[154]
Black Forest, Germany	Timber, medicinal plants, freshwater resources, mitigating floods, carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and maintaining soil health	Sustainable forest management practices, generating revenue, reforestation and biodiversity protection, preservation of resources and habitats	Environmental footprints	Implement sustainable forest management, promote reforestation, protect biodiversity, reduce environmental footprints, and preserve resources and habitats for long-term benefits.	[155,156]
Tongariro National Park, New Zealand	Timber, food, water resources, soil preservation, biodiversity, and ecosystem health	Forest conservation, economic benefits, reforestation projects and native species protection, and management of tourist flow and tourism activities	Challenges of tourism growth affecting conservation efforts, habitat degradation, and resource depletion	Promote sustainable forest conservation, enhance reforestation projects, manage tourism flow to minimize habitat degradation, and protect native species while balancing economic benefits.	[157]
Borneo, Malaysia	Food, timber, medicinal plants, water conservation, mitigate natural disasters, biodiversity support of endemic species, and carbon sequestration	Forest conservation, economic contribution, reforestation, anti-poaching, habitat restoration, protection of wildlife, and Borneo’s rainforests	Prevention of deforestation, illegal logging, and palm oil plantation, habitat fragmentation, and environmental degradation	Promote forest conservation, strengthen anti-poaching efforts, support reforestation, enforce stricter laws against deforestation, and protect wildlife habitats.	[158,159]
Lake District, Finland	Soil fertility, water regulation, and habitat provision	Investment in agricultural projects and support for local flora and fauna	Over-tourism leads to soil erosion, vegetation damage, and disturbance to wildlife	Develop and enforce visitor caps, improve infrastructure, and promote off-season tourism	[160]
Lake District, UK	Timber, food resources, sustainability, water regulation, carbon storage, resource efficiency, and climate change mitigation	Sustainable energy solutions and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, waste recovery, and utilization	Negative environmental impact of material sourcing and production, high initial cost of thermoelectric materials, leading to resource depletion	Use of eco-friendly materials, developing cost-effective methods, recycling, and sustainable waste disposal methods	[161,162]
Lakes in Rajasthan, India	Medicinal plants, food resources, water regulation and provision, maintain biodiversity, support pollinators and other local species	Introduction of water supply projects and job opportunities to local communities	Overuse of water resources, conflict over water, and impact on local communities and agriculture	Implement water conservation measures, encourage water recycling in tourism facilities, and regulate water usage	[143,144]
Masai Mara, Kenya	Timber, non-timber products, medicinal plants, biodiversity conservation and cultural services, water and climate regulation, flood control	Investment in wildlife projects and job opportunities for local communities	Habitat fragmentation, disturbance to wildlife, and human–wildlife conflicts	Limit construction within reserves, develop wildlife corridors, and enforce strict land-use planning	[147,148]

Source: Table generated by the authors.

Table 5. Examples of rural tourism and ecosystem services: impacts and improvement recommendations.

Examples	Ecosystem Services	Positive Impacts	Negative Impacts	Recommendations	Ref.
Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica	Resources like timber, non-timber forest products (e.g., medicinal plants), biodiversity conservation, water regulation, carbon sequestration, forest management, and nutrient recycling	Financial resources for conservation, support for local communities, and minimal environmental impact activities	Deforestation and water scarcity	Continue promoting eco-tourism with strict environmental guidelines to prevent over-tourism	[129,141]
Tuscany, Italy	Timber and forest products, soil fertility, water conservation, carbon storage, nutrient recycling, and landscape aesthetics	Preservation of traditional farming, support for the local economy, and promotion of organic farming	Soil erosion and damage to vegetation and forest	Encourage sustainable agricultural practices and maintain small-scale tourism to avoid landscape degradation	[152,153]
Amazon Rainforest, Brazil	Food, timber, and medicinal plants, regulation of global climate, carbon dioxide storage, freshwater availability, forest biodiversity, preservation of species, and nutrient recycling	Revenue generation, education and cultural exchange programs, protection of illegal logging, promotion of restoration of degraded areas, and climate regulation	Challenges of preventing illegal logging, mining, and agricultural practices jeopardize of sustainability of the forest and tourism	Enforce strict laws against illegal logging and mining, promote sustainable tourism, restore degraded areas, and enhance climate regulation and biodiversity protection.	[154]
Black Forest, Germany	Timber, medicinal plants, freshwater resources, mitigating floods, carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and maintaining soil health	Sustainable forest management practices, generating revenue, reforestation and biodiversity protection, preservation of resources and habitats	Environmental footprints	Implement sustainable forest management, promote reforestation, protect biodiversity, reduce environmental footprints, and preserve resources and habitats for long-term benefits.	[155,156]
Tongariro National Park, New Zealand	Timber, food, water resources, soil preservation, biodiversity, and ecosystem health	Forest conservation, economic benefits, reforestation projects and native species protection, and management of tourist flow and tourism activities	Challenges of tourism growth affecting conservation efforts, habitat degradation, and resource depletion	Promote sustainable forest conservation, enhance reforestation projects, manage tourism flow to minimize habitat degradation, and protect native species while balancing economic benefits.	[157]
Borneo, Malaysia	Food, timber, medicinal plants, water conservation, mitigate natural disasters, biodiversity support of endemic species, and carbon sequestration	Forest conservation, economic contribution, reforestation, anti-poaching, habitat restoration, protection of wildlife, and Borneo’s rainforests	Prevention of deforestation, illegal logging, and palm oil plantation, habitat fragmentation, and environmental degradation	Promote forest conservation, strengthen anti-poaching efforts, support reforestation, enforce stricter laws against deforestation, and protect wildlife habitats.	[158,159]
Lake District, Finland	Soil fertility, water regulation, and habitat provision	Investment in agricultural projects and support for local flora and fauna	Over-tourism leads to soil erosion, vegetation damage, and disturbance to wildlife	Develop and enforce visitor caps, improve infrastructure, and promote off-season tourism	[160]
Lake District, UK	Timber, food resources, sustainability, water regulation, carbon storage, resource efficiency, and climate change mitigation	Sustainable energy solutions and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, waste recovery, and utilization	Negative environmental impact of material sourcing and production, high initial cost of thermoelectric materials, leading to resource depletion	Use of eco-friendly materials, developing cost-effective methods, recycling, and sustainable waste disposal methods	[161,162]
Lakes in Rajasthan, India	Medicinal plants, food resources, water regulation and provision, maintain biodiversity, support pollinators and other local species	Introduction of water supply projects and job opportunities to local communities	Overuse of water resources, conflict over water, and impact on local communities and agriculture	Implement water conservation measures, encourage water recycling in tourism facilities, and regulate water usage	[143,144]
Masai Mara, Kenya	Timber, non-timber products, medicinal plants, biodiversity conservation and cultural services, water and climate regulation, flood control	Investment in wildlife projects and job opportunities for local communities	Habitat fragmentation, disturbance to wildlife, and human–wildlife conflicts	Limit construction within reserves, develop wildlife corridors, and enforce strict land-use planning	[147,148]

Source: Table generated by the authors.

The statistics shown in Figure 5 reveal that rural tourism research has a notable geographical bias, with Europe and Asia dominating the examples. Africa, South America, and Oceania have far fewer studies, indicating potential underrepresentation in these regions. A possible reason for this imbalance could be limited infrastructure, low investment in rural tourism, and a lack of awareness about the potential economic and environmental benefits in these areas. In Africa, for example, rural tourism may not be a widespread practice due to historical factors such as economic constraints and limited governmental support for tourism-related conservation initiatives [163]. Additionally, local communities may not be sufficiently engaged or empowered to develop sustainable tourism ventures that can also enhance ecosystem services. To encourage research and the development of rural tourism in these underrepresented regions, several steps can be taken. First, governments and local stakeholders should invest in improving the infrastructure and accessibility of rural areas, making them more attractive to tourists [164]. Second, collaborative research efforts between international organizations, local researchers, and government agencies could help raise awareness and build capacity for sustainable tourism practices [165]. Third, examples focusing on the specific needs and challenges of these regions should be developed to create region-specific guidelines for balancing tourism with ecosystem service conservation. Finally, it is essential to engage local communities in the planning and implementation of rural tourism initiatives, ensuring that they benefit directly from sustainable tourism revenues while also safeguarding the environment.

4.5. Conservation Practices for Sustainable Rural Tourism

Best practices for conservation in rural tourism are crucial for protecting natural ecosystems and ensuring sustainability. Key practices include eco-friendly accommodations, such as renewable energy [166], water-saving technologies [167], and waste management systems [168,169]. The bibliometric analysis confirmed that ‘sustainable accommodation’ and ‘eco-friendly infrastructure’ are key themes in research focused on minimizing the environmental footprint of tourism. A total of 36 studies emphasized the role of sustainable infrastructure in reducing environmental impact of tourism, particularly in forested areas, where eco-friendly accommodations help minimize deforestation, reduce waste, and promote sustainable forest management practices. Recent findings from the keyword co-occurrence network analysis indicate that the focus on ‘sustainable forest management’ and ‘eco-tourism practices’ is expanding, particularly in forested regions where tourism can have significant environmental impacts. Low-impact activities like nature walks and non-motorized water sports reduce ecological footprints. Tourism in forested areas can be particularly sensitive, so promoting non-invasive activities such as bird watching and forest hiking helps protect delicate ecosystems. The results from the VOSviewer analysis emphasize that ‘low-impact tourism activities’ and ‘visitor behavior’ are central to discussions about reducing tourism’s negative environmental effects. The bibliometric analysis found that 28 studies explored low-impact tourism activities, with a particular focus on their role in protecting forest ecosystems. Strict regulations in protected areas, like limiting visitors and offering educational programs, help maintain ecological integrity. The analysis also highlighted ‘visitor impact management’ as a growing research focus, pointing to the importance of limiting tourist numbers and regulating behavior to ensure that tourism does not harm sensitive ecosystems. Community involvement strengthens conservation efforts by incorporating local knowledge. In forest regions, involving indigenous and local communities in forest management and conservation strategies ensures that traditional knowledge is integrated with modern eco-tourism practices. The bibliometric results showed that ‘community-based conservation’ and ‘local knowledge integration’ are emerging themes in forest tourism research, underlining the importance of collaborative conservation efforts. A total of 22 studies emphasized the importance of community involvement, particularly in forest regions, where local knowledge is integrated into modern eco-tourism practices. Costa Rica’s national parks are a successful example of integrating eco-tourism and conservation through well-managed visitor programs [129]. Best practices for conservation in rural tourism are mitigating negative effects of rural tourism require a balanced approach between development and environmental protection. In forested regions, balancing eco-tourism development with forest conservation requires zoning regulations to protect critical habitats and restrict tourism to sensitive areas. The keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed that ‘zoning regulations’ and ‘tourism management’ are central to forest conservation discussions, suggesting that careful planning is necessary to protect ecosystems from tourism overuse. A total of 19 studies discussed zoning regulations in the context of sustainable tourism management, highlighting the importance of planning to prevent overdevelopment and preserve ecosystems. Strategies include zoning regulations to prevent overdevelopment, promoting local resources to reduce carbon footprints, and educating tourists on sustainable practices. Research highlighted ‘carbon footprint reduction’ and ‘sustainability education’ as important tools for minimizing tourism’s environmental impact. A total of 26 papers identified carbon footprint reduction as a key strategy in sustainable tourism, with a focus on promoting eco-friendly practices. Investments in infrastructure, such as waste treatment and sustainable transportation, also help manage tourism impacts. The analysis indicated that investments in ‘sustainable infrastructure’ and ‘green transportation’ are frequently cited in the literature as effective strategies to reduce the environmental footprint of tourism. The bibliometric results showed 24 studies focused on sustainable infrastructure development, including renewable energy, waste management, and green transportation systems, as essential components of sustainable tourism. In forests, eco-friendly infrastructure such as low-impact trails, sustainable waste management systems, and renewable energy sources helps reduce tourism’s environmental footprint. Engaging local communities in tourism planning fosters ownership of conservation efforts, while monitoring systems ensure continuous environmental impact assessment [170,171,172]. The bibliometric analysis revealed that ‘monitoring systems’ and ‘environmental impact assessments’ are key components in the sustainable management of tourism in forested areas, ensuring that tourism does not exceed ecosystem capacity. A total of 30 studies discussed the importance of monitoring and assessing environmental impacts, focusing on the role of these tools in ensuring sustainable tourism practices. Local communities play a critical role in forest conservation, as their participation in forest management programs helps safeguard biodiversity and maintain ecosystem services. Research findings highlight the importance of ‘community involvement’ and ‘local stewardship’ in sustainable tourism, indicating that local participation is essential for successful conservation outcomes. Twenty-two studies emphasized the importance of local stewardship in forest conservation and sustainable tourism. Government policies and regulations play a crucial role in promoting sustainable rural tourism. Policies should include land-use planning to balance tourism with conservation, enforce environmental impact assessments, and provide incentives for eco-friendly practices [173,174,175]. The VOSviewer analysis highlighted the importance of ‘policy frameworks’ and ‘regulatory enforcement’ in fostering sustainable tourism practices, with a strong focus on ensuring that tourism development aligns with environmental protection goals. The bibliometric analysis revealed that 19 studies focused on the role of government policies in promoting sustainable tourism, underlining the importance of regulatory frameworks to support eco-friendly practices. Government policies in forested areas should prioritize protecting forest ecosystems, preventing illegal logging, and promoting sustainable forest tourism to enhance both environmental protection and community well-being. Recent research findings emphasize that ‘policy incentives’ and ‘legal frameworks’ are critical for ensuring sustainable forest tourism that benefits both the environment and local communities. Governments can promote sustainable infrastructure development, including renewable energy, water conservation, and waste management systems [176,177,178]. Costa Rica’s environmental policies serve as a model for integrating tourism with conservation [129]. Community engagement and participation are vital for sustainable tourism. Involving locals in tourism planning ensures that development reflects their values and needs. The bibliometric analysis reinforced that ‘community-based tourism’ and ‘participatory planning’ are central to ensuring that rural tourism is aligned with local priorities. A total of 24 studies emphasized the importance of participatory planning and community-based tourism, highlighting its role in ensuring that tourism development aligns with local values and supports conservation. In forest tourism, community involvement is essential for ensuring that forest conservation aligns with the economic and social needs of local communities. Community-based tourism initiatives empower residents, providing economic benefits and fostering environmental responsibility [179,180,181]. The analysis identified ‘economic empowerment’ and ‘environmental responsibility’ as key outcomes of community-based tourism, highlighting the role of tourism in supporting both conservation and local livelihoods. In forested regions, community-based tourism can help conserve forests, provide alternative livelihoods, and strengthen local environmental stewardship. Research showed that ‘alternative livelihoods’ and ‘biodiversity conservation’ are frequently associated with successful community-based tourism initiatives. A total of 18 studies highlighted the importance of alternative livelihoods in community-based tourism, showing the role of tourism in supporting both economic development and environmental protection. Equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms help reduce social inequalities and ensure fair economic distribution from tourism. The literature suggests that ‘equitable benefit-sharing’ is a critical factor in making rural tourism a sustainable and socially responsible endeavor.

5. Conclusions, Limitations, and Recommendations

This review examines the relationship between rural tourism and ecosystem services, emphasizing both benefits and challenges. Rural tourism supports local economies, cultural preservation, and development, but can strain natural resources, leading to habitat degradation and biodiversity loss if unmanaged. The bibliometric analysis confirmed that ‘sustainable tourism’ and ‘ecosystem services’ are central to understanding the impact of tourism on ecosystems, particularly in forested areas. A total of 142 studies discussed the impacts of rural tourism on forest ecosystems and ecosystem services, highlighting both positive and negative effects. In forested regions, unmanaged tourism can lead to deforestation, soil erosion, and the degradation of vital ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and water filtration. Ecosystem services, essential for tourism, may diminish without sustainable practices. Research indicates that eco-tourism and agro-tourism offer viable models for balancing tourism with ecosystem protection, highlighting the potential for these approaches to enhance both conservation and local economic stability. The bibliometric results identified 36 papers that discussed eco-tourism and agro-tourism as effective models for balancing economic growth with ecosystem service preservation, particularly in forested areas. Forests, in particular, provide crucial ecosystem services that sustain tourism, including biodiversity support, climate regulation, and recreational opportunities. An integrated approach, combining conservation and community involvement, is needed. Community-based forest management and sustainable forest tourism are essential to balance the demands of tourism with the need to protect forest ecosystems. The results show that community-based tourism and local stewardship are key strategies to ensure the long-term health of forest ecosystems. A total of 22 studies highlighted the role of community-based tourism in conserving forest ecosystems and supporting local livelihoods. Eco-tourism, agro-tourism, and community-based tourism offer sustainable models, as demonstrated in Costa Rica and Italy. These initiatives generate revenue for conservation and sustainable farming, suggesting their potential to enhance ecosystem services and economic stability in rural areas. The bibliometric analysis indicated that ‘community engagement’ and ‘sustainable land management’ are central to promoting these models. In forested areas, eco-tourism and agro-tourism initiatives can promote sustainable land management practices, supporting both conservation goals and local livelihoods.

This review has several limitations. It only includes peer-reviewed articles published in English, potentially overlooking relevant studies in other languages or grey literature such as reports and unpublished data. The search was confined to three databases, which may have excluded important research from other sources. The analysis did not account for emerging research in grey literature, which could provide valuable insights into the impacts of rural tourism. The reviewed studies vary widely in geographic focus and methodology, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Further research should include examples from diverse ecosystems, including forests, to provide a more holistic understanding of rural tourism’s impacts on ecosystem services. The results from the bibliometric analysis showed that studies focusing on forest ecosystems are underrepresented, emphasizing the need for more research in this area. Additionally, most studies are short-term, restricting insight into the long-term impacts of rural tourism on ecosystems and communities. Longitudinal studies focused on forest ecosystems are particularly needed to understand the impact of tourism on forest health, biodiversity, and ecosystem services over time. The findings of the bibliometric analysis highlighted the need for long-term studies to track the evolution of tourism impacts on forest ecosystems. The review relies on a few well-known examples that may not represent all rural tourism contexts. Furthermore, there is a lack of quantitative meta-analysis to robustly assess the relationships discussed. Finally, rapidly evolving factors like climate change and technological innovation may not be fully reflected due to the time lag in published research. Climate change, especially its effects on forest ecosystems, is a crucial area for future research, as it could further alter the sustainability of rural tourism. The growing concern about ‘climate change’ in the bibliometric analysis suggests that future studies should address its role in shaping the future of rural tourism.

The future of rural tourism lies in creating sustainable, community-centered models through technology, policy, and education. Innovations like ‘smart tourism technologies’ and eco-certification systems, identified in the analysis, can help monitor environmental impacts and promote responsible tourism practices. Governments should strengthen policies that integrate tourism and ecosystem conservation, offering incentives for sustainable practices. In forested areas, governments should prioritize policies that promote sustainable forest management, integrate eco-tourism practices, and prevent deforestation. The results of the analysis highlighted that ‘policy frameworks’ and ‘eco-certification’ are essential for guiding sustainable tourism development in forested regions. Community-based tourism can empower local populations and ensure equitable benefits, while capacity-building programs should enhance local involvement. In forest regions, empowering local communities through forest stewardship programs and promoting sustainable tourism can enhance both conservation and economic development. The bibliometric analysis reinforced the importance of ‘community-based tourism’ and ‘local empowerment’ for achieving sustainability in rural tourism. Resource management strategies, such as water conservation and renewable energy adoption, are crucial for sustainability. Sustainable forest management practices, such as selective logging, reforestation, and conservation of key wildlife corridors, are vital for maintaining ecosystem services in rural tourism areas. The analysis confirmed that ‘sustainable forest management practices’ and ‘carbon footprint reduction’ are key strategies for minimizing tourism’s environmental impact. Addressing climate resilience is also vital, with adaptive infrastructure minimizing carbon footprints. In forested regions, adaptive tourism infrastructure that minimizes environmental impact, such as low-carbon accommodation and eco-friendly transportation, can help reduce tourism’s carbon footprint. Long-term studies should assess socio-economic and environmental impacts, while educational campaigns can raise awareness on sustainable tourism practices. The analysis further emphasizes the role of ‘educational campaigns’ in promoting sustainable behavior among tourists and residents. By focusing on these areas, rural tourism can thrive as a strategy for both environmental conservation and local economic development. By integrating forest ecosystem management into rural tourism, the sustainability of both local economies and ecosystems can be ensured. The analysis highlighted that integrating forest management into tourism planning is essential for achieving a balanced and sustainable future for rural tourism.