Urban Parks—A Catalyst for Activities! The Effect of the Perceived Characteristics of the Urban Park Environment on Children’s Physical Activity Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Research question 1 (RQ1): Are there significant differences between different green space characteristics and children’s physical activity levels?
Research question 2 (RQ2): If the answer to research question 1 is positive, is there a relationship between the landscape characteristics of the space for games in urban parks and physical activities? Which elements are more conducive to this goal?
Research question 3 (RQ3): If the answer to research question 2 is positive, is the social environment affects the path of children’s sports activities?
2. Methods
2.1. Scope of the Study
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Physical Activity Data Collection
2.4. Questionnaire Design
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Reliability and Validity
3.2. Descriptive Statistics and Analysis
3.3. Difference between Spatial Characteristics and Physical Activity Intensity
3.4. Relationship between Landscape Characteristics and Physical Activity
3.5. Construction of Children’s Physical Activity Model
3.5.1. Construction of Regression Model for Children’s Physical Activity
3.5.2. Mediating Effect of Social Environment on Children’s Physical Activity
3.6. The Influence of Social Environment on Children’s Physical Activity
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of Space Type on Physical Activity
4.2. Perceiving the Benefits of Environment on Physical Activity
4.3. Planning Green Space to Enhance Physical Activity
4.4. Limitations and Prospects
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dimensions | Keyword | Item |
---|---|---|
Perceived attachment | Place dependence | I will definitely come here when I do something I want to play in this park. |
If I have time, I will often come here to play. | ||
Place identity | I feel very relaxed when I stay here and can do anything I want. | |
I will miss it when I cannot come here for a long time. | ||
Perceived safety | Environmental safety | I am very familiar with the surrounding environment when playing in the park. |
I trust people around me when I play in the park. | ||
Activity safety | I was worried about slipping and tripping when I was playing in the park. | |
I can feel relaxed and happy when I play in the park. |
Age (Mean ± SD) | F | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6–8 Years Old (n = 88) | 9–11 Years Old (n = 145) | 12–15 Years Old (n = 139) | |||
Physical activity level | 3.02 ± 0.73 | 3.27 ± 0.78 | 3.41 ± 0.66 | 7.732 | 0.001 ** |
Gender (Mean ± SD) | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 184) | Girls (n = 188) | |||
Physical activity level | 3.36 ± 0.72 | 3.16 ± 0.74 | 2.654 | 0.008 ** |
Different Types of Spaces (Mean ± Standard Deviation) | F | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Waterfront Space (n = 66) | Waterfront Plank Road (n = 59) | Semiopen Space (n = 60) | Open Space (n = 63) | Enclosed Space (n = 63) | Undergrowth Space (n = 61) | |||
Physical activity level | 3.05 ± 0.65 | 3.11 ± 0.69 | 3.62 ± 0.75 | 3.30 ± 0.65 | 3.17 ± 0.83 | 3.35 ± 0.73 | 5.100 | 0.000 ** |
Physical Activity Level | Ranking | |
---|---|---|
Play facilities | 0.494 ** | 2 |
Play space | 0.450 ** | 5 |
Interesting things | 0.347 ** | 6 |
Interesting landscape | 0.497 ** | 1 |
Perceived attachment | 0.465 ** | 4 |
Perceived safety | 0.481 ** | 3 |
Variable Types | Variable | Model I | Model II | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standardized Coefficients | p | Standardized Coefficients | p | ||
Beta | Beta | ||||
Constant | - | 0.000 ** | - | 0.145 | |
Covariates | Gender | −0.083 | 0.041 * | −0.083 | 0.019 * |
Age | 0.116 | 0.005 ** | 0.101 | 0.005 ** | |
Landscape perception characteristics | Play facilities | 0.284 | 0.000 ** | 0.208 | 0.000 ** |
Play space | 0.213 | 0.000 ** | 0.146 | 0.001 ** | |
Interesting things | 0.085 | 0.077 | 0.078 | 0.069 | |
Interesting landscape | 0.226 | 0.000 ** | 0.162 | 0.000 ** | |
Social perception characteristics | Perceived attachment | - | - | 0.258 | 0.000 ** |
Perceived safety | - | - | 0.263 | 0.000 ** |
Model | R² | Adjusted R² | F Change | Significant F Change |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | 0.412 | 0.402 | F (4367) = 58.886 | 0.000 |
II | 0.553 | 0.543 | F (8363) = 56.169 | 0.000 |
Term | c Total Effect | a | b | a × b Intermediary Effect Value | a × b (Boot SE) | a × b (z Value) | a × b (p Value) | a × b (95% BootCI) | c’ Direct Effect | Inspection Conclusion | Effect Proportion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Play facilities = >sense of safety = >physical activity | 0.227 ** | 0.131 ** | 0.259 ** | 0.034 | 0.015 | 2.208 | 0.027 | 0.015~0.077 | 0.167 ** | partial mediation | 14.974% |
Play facilities = >sense of attachment = >physical activity | 0.227 ** | 0.094 * | 0.277 ** | 0.026 | 0.016 | 1.648 | 0.099 | 0.005~0.066 | 0.167 ** | partial mediation | 11.449% |
Play space = >sense of safety = >physical activity | 0.167 ** | 0.145 ** | 0.259 ** | 0.038 | 0.018 | 2.033 | 0.042 | 0.011~0.084 | 0.113 ** | partial mediation | 22.480% |
Play space = >sense of attachment = >physical activity | 0.167 ** | 0.061 | 0.277 ** | 0.017 | 0.016 | 1.036 | 0.300 | −0.010~0.054 | 0.113 ** | no significant mediating effect | 0% |
Interesting things = >sense of safety = >physical activity | 0.063 | −0.081 | 0.259 ** | −0.021 | 0.016 | −1.296 | 0.195 | −0.061~0.005 | 0.058 | no significant mediating effect | 0% |
Interesting things = >sense of attachment = >physical activity | 0.063 | 0.096 * | 0.277 ** | 0.027 | 0.015 | 1.777 | 0.076 | 0.006~0.065 | 0.058 | full mediation | 100% |
Interesting landscape = >sense of safety = >physical activity | 0.223 ** | 0.150 ** | 0.259 ** | 0.039 | 0.016 | 2.443 | 0.015 | 0.015~0.078 | 0.164 ** | partial mediation | 17.438% |
Interesting landscape = >sense of attachment = >physical activity | 0.223 ** | 0.073 | 0.277 ** | 0.020 | 0.016 | 1.296 | 0.195 | −0.006~0.056 | 0.164 ** | no significant mediating effect | 0% |
Denormalization Coefficients | Standardization Coefficients | t | p | VIF | R2 | Adjusted R2 | F | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Standard Error | Beta | |||||||
Constant | 0.420 | 0.180 | - | 2.334 | 0.020 * | - | 0.428 | 0.421 | F (4367) = 68.518, p = 0.000 |
Place dependence | 0.222 | 0.035 | 0.257 | 6.366 | 0.000 ** | 1.042 | |||
Place identity | 0.232 | 0.035 | 0.273 | 6.633 | 0.000 ** | 1.086 | |||
Environmental safety | 0.173 | 0.033 | 0.214 | 5.314 | 0.000 ** | 1.036 | |||
Activity safety | 0.240 | 0.029 | 0.335 | 8.204 | 0.000 ** | 1.071 |
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Bao, Y.; Gao, M.; Luo, D.; Zhou, X. Urban Parks—A Catalyst for Activities! The Effect of the Perceived Characteristics of the Urban Park Environment on Children’s Physical Activity Levels. Forests 2023, 14, 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020423
Bao Y, Gao M, Luo D, Zhou X. Urban Parks—A Catalyst for Activities! The Effect of the Perceived Characteristics of the Urban Park Environment on Children’s Physical Activity Levels. Forests. 2023; 14(2):423. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020423
Chicago/Turabian StyleBao, Yu, Ming Gao, Dan Luo, and Xudan Zhou. 2023. "Urban Parks—A Catalyst for Activities! The Effect of the Perceived Characteristics of the Urban Park Environment on Children’s Physical Activity Levels" Forests 14, no. 2: 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020423
APA StyleBao, Y., Gao, M., Luo, D., & Zhou, X. (2023). Urban Parks—A Catalyst for Activities! The Effect of the Perceived Characteristics of the Urban Park Environment on Children’s Physical Activity Levels. Forests, 14(2), 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14020423