A Review of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs/Synergies: Enlightenment for the Optimization of Forest Ecosystem Functions in Karst Desertification Control
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Annual Distribution of the Literature
3.2. Content Distribution of Documents
3.3. Distribution of Research Institutions Publishing Documents
3.4. Research Stage Division
3.5. Research Progress and Landmark Results
3.5.1. Ecosystem Service Trade-Off/Synergy
- Spatial and temporal characteristics of ecosystem service trade-off/synergy
- 2.
- Drivers of ecosystem service trade-off/synergy
- 3.
- Synergistic relationship of forest ecosystem service trade-offs
3.5.2. Optimization of Ecosystem Service Functions
- 4.
- Ecological compensation
- 5.
- Enhance forest ecosystem service functions based on site conditions
3.5.3. Assessment Methods
4. Discussion
4.1. Trade-Offs/Synergies and Functional Optimization of Annual Posting Volume Differences
4.2. Differences in the Distribution of Study Areas
4.3. Key Scientific Questions to Be Addressed
4.4. Enlightenment on the Optimization of Forest Ecosystem Service Functions for Karst Desertification Control
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Daily, G.C. Nature’s Service: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystem; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1997; pp. 20–25. [Google Scholar]
- Costanza, R.; d’Arge, R.; De Groot, R.; Farber, S.; Grasso, M.; Hannon, B.; Limburg, K.; Naeem, S.; O’neill, R.V.; Paruelo, J.; et al. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 1997, 387, 253–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being; Island Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2005; Volume 5, p. 563. [Google Scholar]
- Lovrić, M.; Lovrić, N.; Mavsar, R. Mapping forest-based bioeconomy research in Europe. For. Policy Econ. 2020, 110, p101874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Groot, R.S.D.; Fisher, B.; Christie, M.; Aronson, J.; Braat, L.; Haines-Young, R.; Ring, I. Integrating the Ecological and Economic Dimensions in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Valuation; Earthscan: London, UK, 2010; pp. 9–40. [Google Scholar]
- Begon, M.; Townsend, C.R. Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Haken, H. Synergism-the Mystery of Nature’s Composition; Shanghai Translation Publishing House: Shanghai, China, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Baral, H.; Keenan, R.J.; Sharma, S.K. Economic evaluation of ecosystem goods and services under different landscape management scenarios. Land Use Policy 2014, 39, 54–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiong, K.N.; Zhu, D.Y.; Pang, T.; Yu, L.F.; Xue, J.H.; Li, P. Study on Ecological industry technology and demonstration for Karst rocky desertification control of the Karst Plateau-Gorge. Acta Ecol. 2016, 36, 7109–7113. [Google Scholar]
- Yuan, D.X. World Comparison of Karst Ecosystems: Scientific Objectives and Implementation Plan. Adv. Earth Sci. 2001, 16, 461–466. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, M.D. On the fragility of the Karst environment. Yunnan Geogr. Environ. Res. 1990, 2, 21–29. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Y. Tree, Shrub, Grass Restoration Mechanism and Characteristic High-efficiency Forestry Model in the Karst Rocky Desertification Control; Guizhou Normal University: Guiyang, China, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Pohjanmies, T.; Triviño, M.; Le, T.E.; Mazziotta, A.; Snäll, T.; Mönkkönen, M. Impacts of forestry on boreal forests: An ecosystem services perspective. Ambio 2017, 46, 743–755. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yuan, J.; Li, R.; Huang, K. Driving factors of the variation of ecosystem service and the trade-off and synergistic relationships in typical karst basin. Ecol. Indic. 2022, 142, 109253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, W.; Jin, Y.; Sun, T. Trade-offs among ecosystem services in coastal wetlands under the effects of reclamation activities. Ecol. Indic. 2018, 92, 354–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lang, Y.; Song, W. Trade-off analysis of ecosystem services in a mountainous karst area, China. Water 2018, 10, 300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Haase, D.; Schwarz, N.; Strohbach, M.; Kroll, F.; Seppelt, R. Synergies, trade-offs, and losses of ecosystem services in urban regions: An integrated multiscale framework applied to the Leipzig-Halle Region, Germany. Ecol. Soc. 2012, 17, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niu, T.; Yu, J.; Yue, D. The Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Ecosystem Service Synergy/Trade-Offs Based on Ecological Units. Forests 2021, 12, 992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schroder, S.A.; Tóth, S.F.; Deal, R.L.; Ettl, G.J. Multi-objective optimization to evaluate tradeoffs among forest ecosystem services following fire hazard reduction in the Deschutes National Forest, USA. Ecosyst. Serv. 2016, 22, 328–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Pu, J.; Li, J.; Zhang, T. Trade-off and synergy analysis among ecosystem services in a karst watershed. Geocarto Int. 2022, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.J.; Zhu, W.B.; Zhu, L.Q.; Li, Y.H. Multi-scale analysis of trade-off/synergy effects of forest ecosystem services in the Funiu Mountain Region. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2020, 75, 975–988. [Google Scholar]
- Han, H.; Yin, C.; Zhang, C.; Gao, H.; Bai, Y. Response of trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services and land use change in the Karst area. Trop. Ecol. 2019, 60, 230–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, Y.; Cao, Y.G.; Li, S.P.; Wang, S.F.; Liu, S.H.; Bai, Z.K. Trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services: Development history and research characteristics. J. Agric. Resour. Environ. 2022, 39, 11–25. [Google Scholar]
- Han, H.Y.; Su, Z.H. Research progress and prospect of karst ecosystem services. Carssologica Sin. 2017, 36, 352–358. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, T.; Huang, Q.; Wang, Q. Differentiation characteristics and driving factors of ecosystem services relationships in karst mountainous area based on geographic detector modeling: A case study of Guizhou Province. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2022, 42, 6959–6972. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, R.; Wang, S.J.; Bai, X.Y. Trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services in southwestern China. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2020, 37, 669–678. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, S.J.; Zhang, W.; Wang, K.L.; Pan, F.J.; Yang, S.; Shu, S.Y. Factors controlling accumulation of soil organic carbon along vegetation succession in a typical karst region in Southwest China. Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 521, 52–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Feng, T.; Chen, H.S.; Polyakov, V.O.; Wang, K.L.; Zhang, X.B.; Zhang, W. Soil erosion rates in two karst peak-cluster depression basins of northwest Guangxi, China: Comparison of RUSLE model with 137 Cs measurements. Geomorphology 2016, 253, 217–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fu, Z.Y.; Chen, H.S.; Xu, Q.X.; Jia, J.T.; Wang, S.; Wang, K.L. Role of epikarst in near-surface hydrological processes in a soil mantled subtropical dolomite karst slope: Implications of field rainfall simulation experiments. Hydrol. Process. 2016, 30, 795–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, X.W.; Quan, J.L.; Wang, R.X.; Fu, L.T. Research Progress of Restoration of Degraded Karst Forest Bank. Mod. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2016, 2, 172–174+177. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, S.R.; Dai, L.M.; Wen, Y.U.; Wang, H. A review on forest ecosystem management towards ecosystem services: Status, challenges, and future perspectives. Acta Ecol. 2015, 35, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X.; Zhang, X.; Feng, X. Trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services in karst area of China driven by grain-for-green Program. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 2020, 30, 101–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, T.T.; Wang, Y.X.; Zeng, X.L.; Wang, Q. Characteristics and the constraint relationship between ecosystem services and vegetation in the Southwest China. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2022, 6, 1–19. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, N.; Chu, X.L.; Gou, M.M.; Li, L.; La, L.M.; Liu, C.F. Trade offs and Synergies Analysis on Forest Ecosystem Services in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 2021, 30, 475–484. [Google Scholar]
- Qiu, J.J.; Liu, Y.H.; Yu, A.L.; Chen, C.J.; Huang, Q.Y. Research progress and prospect of the interrelationship between ecosystem services and human well-being in the context of coupled human and natural system. Prog. Geogr. 2021, 40, 1060–1072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wunder, S. Revisiting the concept of payments for environmental services. Ecol. Econ. 2015, 117, 234–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.F.; Qin, W.; Fan, J.Y. Spatial selection of ecological compensation in key ecological functional areas of Xinjiang. Arid Land Geogr. 2021, 44, 565–573. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, K.L.; Chen, H.S.; Yue, Y.M. Experiment and Demonstration on Degraded Mechanism and Its Adaptive Restoration of Karst Ecosystems in Northwest Guang xi. Sci. Technol. Promot. Dev. 2015, 3, 179–183. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, Y.H.; Li, G.R.; Pi, F.J.; Yan, L.B.; Yu, L.F.; Huang, Z.S. Evaluation of water conservation function of main forests in the upper reaches of Chishui River. J. Soil Water Conserv. 2015, 29, 150–156. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, W. Mechanism of Community Configuration and Optimized Regulation Technologies of Forest, Shrub and Grass in the Karst Rocky Desertification Control. Master’s Thesis, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, S.H. Succession Law of Plant Communities and Structural Management Techniques in the Karst Rocky Desertification. Master’s Thesis, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Yuan, Z.Y.Y.; Wan, R.R. A review on the methods of ecosystem service assessment. Ecol. Sci. 2019, 38, 210–219. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, C.H.; Yang, J.; Zhang, W.J. Development of ecosystem services evaluation models: Research progress. Chin. J. Ecol. 2013, 32, 3360–3367. [Google Scholar]
- Polasky, S. What’s Nature Done for You Lately: Measuring the Value of Ecosystem Services. Choices 2008, 23, 469–476. [Google Scholar]
- Cao, Q.W.; Wei, X.M.; Wu, J.S. A review on the trade offs and synergies among ecosystem services. Chin. J. Ecol. 2016, 35, 3012–3111. [Google Scholar]
- Turner, K.G.; Odgaard, M.V.; Bocher, P.K.; Dalgaard, T.; Svenningb, C.J. Bundling ecosystem services in Denmark: Trade-offs and synergies in a cultural landscape. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2014, 125, 89–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, Z.Z. Trade-off and coordination of ecosystem service in Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Zone. Master’s Thesis, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Li, S.C.; Zhang, C.Y.; Liu, J.L.; Zhu, W.B.; Ma, C.; Wang, J. The tradeoffs and synergies of ecosystem services: Research progress, development trend, and themes of geography. Geogr. Res. 2013, 32, 1379–1390. [Google Scholar]
- Long, J.H. The Study on Evaluation and Trade-Off of Ecosystem Services in the He Gang Mining Area. Ph.D. Thesis, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, China, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Dai, E.F.; Wang, X.L.; Zhu, J.; Zhao, D. Methods, tools and research framework of ecosystem service trade-offs. Geogr. Res. 2016, 35, 1005–1016. [Google Scholar]
- Bagstad, K.J.; Semmens, D.J.; Waage, S.; Winthropc, R. A comparative assessment of decision-support tools for ecosystem services quantification and valuation. Ecosyst. Serv. 2013, 5, 27–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, S.; Xiong, K.; Xiao, J. Structure and Stability of Agroforestry Ecosystems: Insights into the Improvement of Service Supply Capacity of Agroforestry Ecosystems under the Karst Rocky Desertification Control. Forests 2022, 13, 878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reidsma, P.; Feng, S.; van Loon, M.; Luo, X.; Kang, C.; Lubbers, M.; Kanellopoulos, A.; Wolf, J.; Van, I.M.K.; Qu, F. Integrated assessment of agricultural land use policies on nutrient pollution and sustainable development in Taihu Basin, China. Environ. Sci. Policy 2012, 18, 66–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, B.M.; Singh, A.K.; Dhyani, S.K. South Asian Agroforestry: Traditions, Transformations, and Prospects. In Agroforestry—The Future of Global Land Use; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2012; pp. 359–389. [Google Scholar]
- Jordanka, S.; Sonja, B.; Krasimira, P.; Vladimir, P. Possibilities for agroforestry development in Bulgaria: Outlooks and limitations. Ecol. Eng. 2007, 29, 382–387. [Google Scholar]
- Sheng, M.Y.; Xiong, K.N.; Cui, G.Y.; Liu, Y. Plant diversity and soil physical-chemical properties in karst rocky desertification ecosystem of Guizhou, China. Acta Ecol. 2015, 35, 434–448. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, B.; Zhao, J.; Hu, X.F. Analysison trade-offs and synergistic relationships among multiple ecosystem services in the Shiyang River Basin. Acta Ecol. 2018, 38, 7582–7595. [Google Scholar]
- Pan, J.; Li, Z. Analysis on trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services in arid inland river basin Transactions of the Chinese. Soc. Agric. Eng. 2017, 33, 280–289. [Google Scholar]
- Zhao, W.W.; Liu, Y.; Feng, Q.; Wang, Y.P.; Yang, S.Q. Ecosystem services for coupled human and environment systems. Prog. Geogr. 2018, 37, 139–151. [Google Scholar]
- Ou, Z.R.; Sun, Y.Y.; Deng, Z.H.; Feng, D.F. Trade-offs in forest ecosystem services: Cognition, approach and driving. Sci. Soil Water Conserv. 2020, 18, 150–160. [Google Scholar]
- Zou, Z.; Zeng, F.; Wang, K.; Zeng, Z.; Zhao, L.; Du, H.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, H. Emergy and Economic Evaluation of Seven Typical Agroforestry Planting Patterns in the Karst Region of Southwest China. Forests 2019, 10, 138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, R.; Cai, Y.L. A model for remediation of degraded ecosystems in karst areas of southwest China. J. Appl. Ecol. 2010, 21, 1070–1080. [Google Scholar]
- Peng, W.X.; Wang, K.L.; Song, T.Q.; Zeng, F.P.; Wang, J.R. Controlling and restoration models of complex degradation of vulnerable Karst ecosystem. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2008, 28, 811–820. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, S.M.; Xiong, K.N.; Yu, Y.H.; Liu, X.Y.; Dong, X.C. Diagnosis and adjustment of forest and grass vegetation restoration patterns in karst rocky desertifification areas in China. World For. Res. 2017, 30, 91–96. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, K.L.; Yue, Y.M.; Chen, H.S.; Wu, X.B.; Xiao, J.; Qi, X.K.; Zhang, W.; Du, H. The comprehensive treatment of karst rocky desertification and its regional restoration effects. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2019, 39, 7432–7440. [Google Scholar]
- MacDicken, K.G.; Sola, P.; Hall, J.E.; Sabogal, C.; Tadoum, M.; de Wasseige, C. Global progress toward sustainable forest management. For. Ecol. Manag. 2015, 352, 47–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, H.Q.; Yang, J.Q.; Chen, S.Y.; Xu, J.; Wang, T.G.; Hou, J.W. Spatial Grain Size Effect of Trade-off Synergy Relationship Between Fresh water Ecosystem Services in Karst Mountainous Areas. J. Univ. Jinan Sci. Technol. 2022, 36, 45–55. [Google Scholar]
Research Stages | Research Content | Background | Main Characteristics |
---|---|---|---|
Starting stage (1970–2005) | Conceptual and theoretical study of ecosystem services. | The relevant theoretical research was still at the beginning stage, and the depth of research was insufficient. | There were more qualitative studies, lacking systematic research and a single research method. |
Slow growth stage (2005–2014) | The research methodology was diverse, using mainly statistical, spatial, model, and scenario analysis. | As the economy developed, attention begun to be paid to research related to trade-offs/synergies in ecosystem services and functional optimization. | The results were verified by the experiments, the classification system and evaluation method were gradually improved. |
Rapid growth stage (2014–2022) | The mechanism of trade-offs/synergies and functional optimization of forest ecosystem services has been further clarified, and quantitative studies have gradually increased. | Ecosystem service trade-off/synergy research is developing rapidly, with an increasing number of cross-disciplinary studies and relatively mature technical approaches in China. | A variety of trade-off/synergy analysis methods. The research system presents a “pattern–process–service–sustainability” system. |
Research Method | Principles | |
---|---|---|
Ecosystem service trade-off/ synergy research methods | Statistical methods | Mathematical models are used to study the quantitative relationships among various forest ecosystem services. |
Spatial analysis methods | GIS, spatial statistics, and other methods are used to characterize the spatial patterns of forest ecosystem service trade-offs at specific spatial and temporal scales. | |
Scenario analysis methods | Spatial mapping and regression analysis are used to analyze the dynamics of forest ecosystem service trade-offs and seek optimal scenarios. | |
Service mobility analysis | “Source” and “sink” regions are identified by analyzing single ecosystem service supply, transport, and utilization processes. The impact of human activities on the supply and demand of forest ecosystem services is measured. |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Deng, X.; Xiong, K.; Yu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Kong, L.; Zhang, Y. A Review of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs/Synergies: Enlightenment for the Optimization of Forest Ecosystem Functions in Karst Desertification Control. Forests 2023, 14, 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010088
Deng X, Xiong K, Yu Y, Zhang S, Kong L, Zhang Y. A Review of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs/Synergies: Enlightenment for the Optimization of Forest Ecosystem Functions in Karst Desertification Control. Forests. 2023; 14(1):88. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010088
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Xuehua, Kangning Xiong, Yanghua Yu, Shihao Zhang, Lingwei Kong, and Yu Zhang. 2023. "A Review of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs/Synergies: Enlightenment for the Optimization of Forest Ecosystem Functions in Karst Desertification Control" Forests 14, no. 1: 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010088
APA StyleDeng, X., Xiong, K., Yu, Y., Zhang, S., Kong, L., & Zhang, Y. (2023). A Review of Ecosystem Service Trade-Offs/Synergies: Enlightenment for the Optimization of Forest Ecosystem Functions in Karst Desertification Control. Forests, 14(1), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010088