Evaluation of Human Disturbance on the Activity of Medium–Large Mammals in Myanmar Tropical Forests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Monitoring Plan
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Daily Activity Patterns
3. Results
Daily Activity Patterns
4. Discussion
Daily Activity Patterns
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Latin Name | Common Name | Events | Activity Pattern | IUCN | Threats |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Homo sapiens | Human | 1882 | Diurnal | LC | / |
Muntiacus vaginalis | Northern red muntjak | 1063 | Diurnal | LC | Hunted for bushmeat |
Atherurus macrourus | Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine | 774 | Nocturnal | LC | Hunted for bushmeat |
Canis lupus familiaris | Domestic dog | 478 | Diurnal | LC | / |
Hystrix brachyura | Malayan porcupine | 362 | Nocturnal | LC | Hunted for bushmeat |
Sus scrofa | Wild pig | 323 | Diurnal | LC | Hunted for bushmeat |
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus | Asian palm civet | 240 | Nocturnal | LC | Hunted for bushmeat |
Viverra zibetha | Large Indian civet | 211 | Nocturnal | LC | Hunted for bushmeat |
Macaca arctoides | Stump-tailed macaque | 186 | Diurnal | VU | Poaching for IWT |
Helarctos malayanus | Sun bear | 165 | Cathemeral | VU | Poaching for IWT and Human–wildlife conflict |
Macaca leonina | Northern pig-tailed macaque | 138 | Diurnal | VU | Poaching for IWT |
Elephas maximus | Asian elephant | 117 | Nocturnal | EN | Poaching for IWT and Human–wildlife conflict |
Prionailurus bengalensis | Leopard cat | 103 | Nocturnal | LC | Poaching for IWT |
Neofelis nebulosa | Clouded leopard | 82 | Nocturnal | VU | Poaching for IWT |
Catopuma temminckii | Asiatic golden cat | 63 | Diurnal | NT | Poaching for IWT |
Martes flavigula | Yellow throated marten | 55 | Diurnal | LC | / |
Pardofelis marmorata | Marbled cat | 30 | Diurnal | NT | Poaching for IWT |
Cuon alpinus | Dhole | 24 | Diurnal | EN | Poaching for IWT and Human–wildlife conflict |
Rusa unicolor | Sambar | 23 | Nocturnal | VU | Hunted for bushmeat |
Herpestes urva | Crab-eating mongoose | 18 | Not classified | LC | / |
Prionodon pardicolor | Spotted linsang | 17 | Not classified | LC | / |
Panthera tigris | Tiger | 16 | Not classified | EN | Poaching for IWT and Human–wildlife conflict |
Capricornis rubidus | Red serow | 15 | Not classified | NT | Hunted for bushmeat |
Melogale personata | Burmese ferret-badger | 13 | Not classified | LC | / |
Bos gaurus | Gaur | 12 | Not classified | VU | Hunted for bushmeat and for IWT |
Arctonyx collaris | Hog badger | 10 | Not classified | VU | / |
Macaca mulatta | Rhesus macaque | 8 | Not classified | LC | / |
Manis javanica | Sunda pangolin | 8 | Not classified | CR | Poaching for IWT |
Manis pentadactyla | Chinese pangolin | 5 | Not classified | CR | Poaching for IWT |
Ursus thibetanus | Asian black bear | 5 | Not classified | VU | Poaching for IWT and Human–wildlife conflict |
Mustela strigidorsa | Back-striped weasel | 4 | Not classified | LC | / |
Paguma larvata | Masked palm civet | 4 | Not classified | LC | / |
Capricornis milneedwardsii | Chinese serow | 3 | Not classified | NT | Hunted for bushmeat |
Arctictis binturong | Binturong | 3 | Not classified | VU | Poaching for IWT |
Canis aureus | Golden jackal | 1 | Not classified | LC | / |
Viverricula indica | Small Indian civet | 1 | Not classified | LC | / |
Sites | S001 | S002 | S003 | S004 | S005 | S006 | S007 | S008 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year 1 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 10 | 525 | 118 | 47 | 231 |
Year 2 | 8 | 10 | 4 | 14 | 315 | 122 | 298 | 164 |
Total | 8 | 25 | 4 | 24 | 840 | 240 | 345 | 395 |
Species | Low Disturbance | High Disturbance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Diurnal | Nocturnal | Diurnal | Nocturnal | |
Catopuma temminckii | 55% | 45% | 67% | 33% |
Elephas maximus | 34% | 66% | 36% | 64% |
Helarctos malayanus | 70% | 30% | 48% | 52% |
Macaca leonina | 100% | - | 96% | 4% |
Sus scrofa | 93% | 7% | 34% | 66% |
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Cremonesi, G.; Bisi, F.; Gaffi, L.; Zaw, T.; Naing, H.; Moe, K.; Aung, Z.; Gagliardi, A.; Wauters, L.A.; Preatoni, D.G.; et al. Evaluation of Human Disturbance on the Activity of Medium–Large Mammals in Myanmar Tropical Forests. Forests 2021, 12, 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030290
Cremonesi G, Bisi F, Gaffi L, Zaw T, Naing H, Moe K, Aung Z, Gagliardi A, Wauters LA, Preatoni DG, et al. Evaluation of Human Disturbance on the Activity of Medium–Large Mammals in Myanmar Tropical Forests. Forests. 2021; 12(3):290. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030290
Chicago/Turabian StyleCremonesi, Giacomo, Francesco Bisi, Lorenzo Gaffi, Thet Zaw, Hla Naing, Kyaw Moe, Zarni Aung, Alessandra Gagliardi, Lucas A. Wauters, Damiano G. Preatoni, and et al. 2021. "Evaluation of Human Disturbance on the Activity of Medium–Large Mammals in Myanmar Tropical Forests" Forests 12, no. 3: 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030290
APA StyleCremonesi, G., Bisi, F., Gaffi, L., Zaw, T., Naing, H., Moe, K., Aung, Z., Gagliardi, A., Wauters, L. A., Preatoni, D. G., & Martinoli, A. (2021). Evaluation of Human Disturbance on the Activity of Medium–Large Mammals in Myanmar Tropical Forests. Forests, 12(3), 290. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030290