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Article

Impregnation of Wood with Waste Engine Oil to Increase Water- and Bio-Resistance

by
Larisa Belchinskaya
,
Konstantin Viktorovich Zhuzhukin
*,
Tatiana Ishchenko
and
Aleksey Platonov
Department of Chemistry, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 8, Timiryazeva, 394087 Voronezh, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Forests 2021, 12(12), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121762
Submission received: 27 November 2021 / Revised: 8 December 2021 / Accepted: 10 December 2021 / Published: 13 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance and Modification of Wood and Wood-Based Materials)
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Abstract

:
Impregnation is a common method of protecting wood from external influences. This study proposes the use of spent engine oil as an impregnating composition for modifying birch wood to make it resistant to biological degradation and water. The indicators of water resistance and dimensional stability of wood such as wetting contact angle, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and biodegradation tests have been determined. It has been found that treatment with spent engine oil significantly increases the dimensional stability (56.8% and 45.7% in tangential and radial directions) and water-resistant indicators of wood. Thermogravimetric analysis has showed that the curves for the impregnated specimens were different from the control group and had two sharp peaks at 302 and 357 °C. However, FTIR indicated that no clear chemical reactions occur between spent engine oil and wood. A study on wood resistance to biological degradation has showed a significant increase in resistance against brown rot (Poria placenta fungi) in the treated specimens, in contrast to the control group. Thus, impregnation of wood with spent engine oil makes it possible to increase wood resistance to water and biological degradation.

1. Introduction

Wood is the most widespread environmentally friendly, renewable natural polymer. It possesses a complex structure, the main components of which are cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives. This material is important in a number of industrial sectors of the economy and areas of economic activity such as construction, furniture production, and the chemical industry [1].
Wood has significant advantages over other materials, for example, a high ratio of strength indicators to its weight, high impact resistance, the possibility of using it in many technological processes, etc. [2]. However, due to the presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups in its chemical structure, wood is susceptible to atmospheric influences, under the impact of which there is a change in its size and decrease in performance, a significant reduction in the service life of products, and biological decomposition [3,4,5,6]. Increase in dimensional stability, strength, hydrophobic properties and resistance to biological degradation of wood can be achieved by reducing its hygroscopicity using many modification methods, such as steam thermal treatment [7,8,9], cell wall modification with methyltrimetosiloxane [10,11], modification using styrene [12] and phenol-containing resins [13,14], modification using boron and compatibilizers [15], high-density polyethylene [16] and siloxanes [17], modification using 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethylene urea [18], thermal processing [19], modification using waxes, paraffins [20,21], vegetable oils [22,23], etc. However, these methods have their disadvantages: heat treatment can reduce the strength properties of wood [24,25], and chemical modification is characterized by the complexity of the process and high energy consumption.
In accordance with the current Russian Federation standards, wood used in high humidity environments and constant contact with water, for example, railway sleepers, wooden bridge structures, power transmission poles, must be impregnated [26]. The main impregnating compounds for such wood are creosote oil, coal oil and other oily compounds [27]. These compositions provide high protection of wood from biological destruction and give it sufficient water resistance. However, they show high toxicity and are hazardous to the environment [28]. Waste engine oil also includes some hazardous substances, but according to the current standards of the Russian Federation is considered a moderately hazardous waste, while creosote and coal oils are highly hazardous substances.
In this work, it is proposed to use waste gasoline engine oil as an alternative to a highly toxic antiseptic hydrophobizator (creosote, which is still used in Russia in significant quantities) to protect wood used in non-residential construction from water, changes in size and biodegradation. Spent motor oil is a waste product from the automotive industry; it shows water-repellent and antiseptic qualities [29]. There is a small amount of research on the use of waste engine oil as an anticorrosive and preservative agent [30], as well as a component of a stabilizer to obtain hydrophobizing composition used in railway sleeper impregnation [31]. In remote regions (where it is not possible to ensure constant delivery of goods) the use of spent engine oil as a water repellent capable of protecting wood from water and making it resistant to biological degradation could be an alternative when using wood products in non-residential construction.
The purpose of this work was to study the effect of birch wood impregnation on the indicators of its water and moisture resistance, dimensional stability, as well as susceptibility to biological degradation. The impregnation was made by heating the specimens in a cold bath with waste engine oil.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Wood of silver birch (Betula pendula) was obtained from the educational and experimental forestry of Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies (Voronezh region, Russia). The specimens had dimensions of 20 × 20 × 20 mm (length × width × thickness) with an initial moisture content of 80 ± 5% (according to GB/T 1931–2009 [32]). All the specimens were dried at 103 °C to constant weight. Spent engine oil GULF Formula GX Powermax SAE 5W-40 was purchased from Avrora Avto (Voronezh, Russian Federation); the manufacturer was LLK International (Voronezh, Russian Federation). The oil was drained from the gasoline engine of a Granta car (Lada, Togliatti, Russia); the engine capacity was 1.6 L. The total mileage of the car was 149,000 km, and the mileage on purchased oil was 7900 km. The oil was poured into a disposable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle. Indicators of spent engine oil were determined by the supplier at the OEM-OIL laboratory (Moscow, Russia), test report No. 000113u (Table 1).

2.2. Wood Impregnation Using Spent Engine Oil

Impregnation of wood specimens was carried out by the hot-cold baths method at atmospheric pressure. At least 30 specimens were used in each experiment. The control group of specimens was not impregnated. The impregnation was carried out in several stages. After weighing the specimens, they were immersed in a container with spent engine oil for 60 min at a temperature of 120 °C. Then the specimens were moved into a container with cold spent engine oil at a temperature of 30 °C and held for 60 min, so as not to allow them to come into contact with air. The wood was impregnated as a result of a sharp temperature drop, leading to the creation of negative pressure in the wood. These conditions contributed to the intensification of penetration of impregnating composition into the wood structure. The next step was drying the wood specimens, first at room temperature under ambient conditions for 3 days, and then drying in an oven at a constant temperature of 60 °C for 72 h (the temperature was controlled to avoid oil escaping from the specimens).

2.3. Measuring Weight Gain as a Percentage (WPG)

The WPG was determined based on the variations in the weight before and after impregnation. It was calculated by Equation (1):
W P G = W w − W o W o · 100   %
where Wo the oven-dried weight of specimens before treatment and Ww is the oven-dried weight of specimens after treatment.

2.4. Water Absorption and Dimensional Stability

To determine water absorption (WA) and volumetric swelling (S), pre-dried specimens (impregnated, control ones) were placed in a dessicator in distilled water at a temperature of 20 °C for 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 13, 20, and 30 days. After each measurement, excessive water amount was removed from the specimens with filter paper. And distilled water in a dessicator was replaced with a new portion. WA was determined by Equation (2):
W A = m i − m 0 m 0 · 100   %
where mi—mass of the specimen after being in distilled water for a certain period of time, and m0 is the mass of the pre-dried specimen before placing in water.
Volumetric swelling (S) and swelling (a) in the radial and tangential directions were calculated after holding the specimens in distilled water for 40 days using Equations (3) and (4), respectively:
S = V ω − V d V d · 100   %
where Vω—volume of specimens after impregnation in distilled water for a certain time, Vd—volume of pre-dried specimen before placing it in water:
a = l w − l 0 l 0 · 100   %
where lw—size of the specimens after being in distilled water for a certain time, l0—initial size of the specimen.

2.5. Moisture Absorption

To determine moisture absorption (MA), the specimens were placed in a climatic chamber (TYP KBF 240, Binder, Tuttlingen, Germany) under constant environmental conditions (temperature was 20 °C, humidity was 95%) for 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 13, 20, 30, and 40 days. After certain intervals of conditioning in a climatic chamber, MA was calculated using Equation (5):
M A = W a − W b W b · 100   %
where Wa—weight of specimens after being in a climatic chamber for a certain time, and Wb—weight of specimens before conditioning in a climatic chamber.

2.6. Anti-Swelling Efficiency (ASE)

ASE was calculated from the change in volumetric swelling of natural and impregnated wood before and after being in distilled water for 1, 10, or 30 days using Equation (6):
A S E = S u − S t S u · 100   %
where Su—volumetric swelling of impregnated specimens, and St—volumetric swelling of non-impregnated specimens.

2.7. Thermogravimetric Analysis

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out on a STA449F3 analyzer (Netzsch, Weimar, Germany) at a heating rate of 5 °C/min to a temperature of 450 °C, in a nitrogen gas atmosphere to study the change in mass and heat effects of impregnated and non-impregnated specimens.

2.8. Determination of the Contact Angle

The wetting contact angle of wood with distilled water was measured by the sessile drop method in the laboratory on a goniometer using the HIview 10 program. The liquid was applied to the wood surface with a 0.01 mL microsyringe. The image was recorded using a portable digital microscope camera (Ruihoge, Nanchang, China) and recorded for 90 s. Then the obtained data were analyzed using the KOMPAS 3D software package (Askon, Russian Federation). Measurements were carried out at four different points on the surface of each specimen.

2.9. IR Spectroscopic Studies

FTIR analysis was performed to study the intermolecular interaction of functional groups in treated and untreated wood specimens. The studies were carried out on a VERTEX 70 spectrometer (Bruker, city, Germany) by the method of disturbed complete internal reflection using a diamond prism in the frequency range from 400–4000 cm−1 with a resolution of 2 cm−1 in the transmission mode.

2.10. Biodegradation Resistance Test

Sterile culture medium with a volume of 25 mL, obtained from barley malt (40 g) and bacteriological agar (20 g) (HiMedia Laboratories, Moscow, Russian Federation) dissolved in 1 L of distilled water was placed in Petri dishes with a diameter of 9 cm. Then a small amount of freshly grown culture mycelium was inoculated with Poria placenta incubated for 2 weeks to ensure complete colonization of the medium with mycelium at 22 °C and 65% relative humidity. The treated and control specimens (dimensions of 20 × 20 × 20 mm (length × width × thickness)) were placed in a Petri dish under sterile conditions. Incubation was carried out for 16 weeks at 22 °C and 65% relative humidity in a Binder TYP KBF 240 climatic chamber. At the end of the test (after 16 weeks), the mycelium was removed with a dry brush and the specimens were placed in an oven to dry to a constant weight at 103 °C. Weight loss (WL) was determined by Equation (7):
W L = m 0 − m 1 m 0 · 100   %
where m0 and m1—initial and final weights of dried wood specimens before and after exposure to the fungus, respectively.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Measurements of Weight Percent Gain (WPG)

The WPG indicating net spent engine oil uptake is presented in Table 2. The average weight of the dried specimens before impregnation with spent engine oil was 2.12 g, after impregnation it was 3.36 g. WPG after impregnation is 58.5%, which makes it possible to estimate a fairly high penetration of spent engine oil into the wood structure.

3.2. Dimensional Stability and Water Resistance of Wood

3.2.1. Water and Moisture Absorption

Kinetic dependences of water absorption (WA) and moisture absorption (MA) of treated and untreated wood (Figure 1a,b) were plotted to study the hydrophobic properties of wood impregnated with spent engine oil. Figure 1a shows MA after conditioning the specimens in a climate chamber at 20 °C and 95% humidity. After 1 day in the climatic chamber, an increase in moisture content in all the specimens by 12% was observed (Figure 1a). In the next 10 days, MA on the wood was 24.69% and 10.44% for untreated and treated wood, respectively. After conditioning the specimens for 40 days, their MA was 25.31%. It was 12.87% for the treated ones, which is two times lower than for untreated wood specimens.
Figure 1b shows the change in water absorption of treated and untreated wood over 30 days. Water absorption increased to 14.2% and 43.9%, respectively, after 1 day of keeping impregnated and non-impregnated specimens in distilled water. A significant increase in WA for both groups of specimens was observed after 13 days of the experiment and amounted to 31.4% for treated and 132.0% for untreated specimens. After keeping the specimens for 30 days in distilled water, the WA of the treated specimens was 3.7 times less than for the untreated ones and amounted to 37.5% and 141.2%, respectively.
The water absorption of wood impregnated with creosote and coal oil [33,34] turned out to be similar in results, but on average, depending on the type of wood, it is 10%–15% higher. The MA of beech wood impregnated with hemp oil after 40 days of conditioning was 17% [35]. When impregnated with wax emulsions of European spruce, WA turned out to be significantly worse than the results obtained, so after 500 h of the experiment, WA was 80% [36]. This can be explained by the relatively small size of spent motor oil molecules formed during operation in the engine as a result of thermal degradation, which is indirectly confirmed by the high depth of impregnation of wood (Figure 1c) and the high value of WPG (58.5%). Used engine oil, like any other oil, is hydrophobic, while allowing additional protection of wood from water and moisture.
Spent engine oil impregnation significantly reduced water and moisture absorption properties of wood. Destruction of intermolecular van der Waals and hydrogen bonds between adsorption centers of wood and water molecules occurs at the first, hot stage of impregnation. At the second, cold stage of impregnation, free adsorption centers form intermolecular bonds with the functional groups of the engine oil chemical components. It can significantly increase water resistance of wood and stability of its dimensions.

3.2.2. Swelling and Anti-Swelling Efficiency

Dimensional stability has a significant impact on the quality and service life during the operation of wood products. Quantitative assessment of wood dimensional stability was carried out according to the values of wood swelling in tangential and radial directions, volumetric swelling and anti-swelling efficiency. Figure 2a shows the results of determination of radial, tangential, and volumetric wood swelling after soaking in distilled water for 40 days. Mean tangential swelling (%) for the control group was 12.7 and swelling decreased by 56.8% for the treated group (relative to the control one) and it was 8.1. Mean radial swelling (%) was 10.2 for the control group of specimens. This indicator for the processed specimens decreased by 45.7% and amounted to 7.0. Volumetric swelling (S, %) of the treated specimens decreased by 25.23% in comparison with the untreated specimens. It was 16.09% for the treated group of specimens and 20.15% for the untreated one. Anti-swelling efficiency was 73.20% in one day of soaking. This indicator has significantly decreased in ten days and amounted to 38.61%. ASE decreased by only 2.43% in 30 days, and it was equal to 36.18% (Figure 2b).

3.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis

Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal (DTG) curves of untreated and treated wood specimens were obtained to assess the change in the thermal properties of wood before and after impregnation (Figure 3). A small weight loss (about 2–4 wt.%) can be observed in the area marked with the number “1” of the TG curve, in the temperature range from 30 to 95 °C. It is associated with the endothermic process of dehydration of unbound water from wood without decomposition of the main wood components [37,38]. On the obtained TG curves, no significant dehydration is observed due to preliminary drying of the specimens in the oven. In the area 2, where the temperature ranges from 95 to 230 °C, some wood components (for example, hemicellulose) undergo degradation [39,40,41,42], while bond breakage can occur between other structural components. The most intense area of specimen weight loss is area 3, when the temperature changes from 230 to 385 °C. In this area, all structural components of the cell wall underwent thermal destruction with a loss of 87.29% of the total weight for the treated specimens and 89.67% for the control group. In addition, in this area, specimens soaked in used engine oil have two sharp endothermic peaks at 302 and 357 °C. At these temperatures, oxidation and decomposition of engine oil hydrocarbon components occurs. The curves for the control group show a peak at 352 °C. It corresponds to the thermal decomposition of cellulose [43]. In the area marked 4, weight loss of the specimens is practically absent. The residual mass for the specimens (control group) was 4.32%, and it was 10.64% for the impregnated specimen. The difference in residual weight is caused by the presence of heat-resistant components in the impregnated specimens [44].

3.4. Angle of Contact

The degree of hydrophobicity of wood is determined by the possibility of wetting it with water. The main method for determining the surface wettability is the angle of contact between the surface and the liquid [45]. The value of this indicator determines water resistance of wood and its dimensional stability, and therefore directly affects the quality and durability of wood products. Figure 4a–c show the results of determining the contact angle of treated and untreated wood in three mutually perpendicular directions (transverse, radial and tangential one).
The angle of contact for the control specimen during the first 20 s in the transverse direction decreased from 90.60° to 26.43°. This indicates a high degree of surface interaction of wood with further penetration of distilled water through the anatomical structures. The angle of contact was 61.21° for the treated wood in 20 s in the transverse direction. It is more than three times higher than for the control group. After 60 s, the lateral contact angle for treated and untreated wood was 55.30° and 3°, respectively. With a further increase of time when water is on the wood surface, the angle of contact changed insignificantly. It was 52.30° for treated wood and 0° for untreated wood.
In the radial direction (Figure 4b) the angle of contact for the treated wood decreased to 71.21° in the first 20 s and further, in contrast to the contact angle in the transverse direction, decreased less intensively. It was equal to 59.30° after 60 s. The contact angle for untreated wood in 60 s was 62% less relative to impregnated wood and amounted to 36.39°. The change in the angle of contact in the tangential direction is insignificant and comparable to the transverse direction. The contact angle after 90 s is 52.30° for treated wood and 0° for untreated wood.
The given change in the angles of contact enables to conclude that impregnated wood is significantly hydrophobic in three directions.

3.5. Investigation of Possibility of Intermolecular Interaction Formation (Method of IR-Fourier Spectroscopy) during Wood Impregnation

The process of wood impregnation is accompanied by the formation of intermolecular bonds between the functional groups of wood and the impregnating composition. Hydroxyl groups play an essential role in this process. Dimensional stability and water-resistant characteristics of wood are determined by the presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups (-OH) in it, a decrease in access to which makes it possible to improve its performance [46,47,48,49]. The FTIR spectra of spent engine oil, impregnated and untreated wood are shown in Figure 5. There is an absorption band in the region of 3300–3400 cm−1 in the obtained spectra. This is a characteristic of the stretching vibration of O–H groups of water in treated and untreated wood [50] and for ethylene glycol contamination of used motor oil during operation in the engine [51,52]. As a result of impregnation of birch wood with used engine oil, the spectra show clear absorption bands in the 2925 cm−1 and 2850 cm−1 region. These bands characterize the symmetric and asymmetric vibrations of methylene (–CH2) and methyl groups (–CH3) in aliphatic chains [44] in large quantities in used engine oil and preserved in treated wood. Peaks are preserved for untreated wood and used engine oil in the area of 1735 cm−1. They are characteristic of stretching vibrations of the carbon skeleton in wood [53] and vibrations of the carbonyl group in spent engine oil [44] with an increase in the intensity of this band after wood impregnation. The absorption bands at 1380 cm−1 and 1460 cm−1, present in used engine oil and appearing in wood after impregnation, represent asymmetric deformation of CH, CH2 and CH3 groups. The peak of 1240 cm−1, which is present in wood before and after treatment, corresponds to the stretching vibrations of CO bonds in combination with vibrations of the aromatic ring in lignin, the value of which increases in impregnated wood [39]. In the spectrum of treated and untreated wood, the absorption band at 1030 cm−1 is characteristic of symmetric stretching of C–O–C dialkyl ethers, as well as deformation of CH bonds and β–O–4 bonds in lignin [39]. During the operation of the internal combustion engine, engine oils are exposed to high temperatures and pressure, contact with oxygen and various metals, and as a result, oil hydrocarbons undergo oxidation, condensation and decomposition processes [54]. In the composition of spent motor oils, absorption bands were found at a frequency of 720 cm−1 and 1150 cm−1, which correspond to the valence vibrations of the peroxide group (-C-O-O-) with increased chemical activity [55]. These groups are formed during the oxidation of hydrocarbons as a result of the operation of car engines. When impregnating birch wood with used engine oil, the absorption bands 720 and 1150 cm−1 practically disappear, probably as a result of the interaction between the groups -OH of wood and the peroxide groups of spent engine oil. The absorption band of 3350 cm−1 in natural wood corresponds to the oscillation frequency of the O-H groups [39]. This band in the impregnated sample shifts to the lower frequency range (by 50 cm−1) due to the possible participation of these groups in the formation of a hydrogen bond. No other changes in functional groups after treatment with spent engine oil were found according to FTIR data. Thus, the impregnation of wood with spent engine oil (to some extent) changed the chemical groups of the wood, but without altering the wood structure.

3.6. Biodurability Test

Figure 6 shows the results of determining the biological resistance of impregnated and untreated birch wood to Poria placenta. After 16 weeks, the untreated specimens were completely covered with brown rot fungus mycelium, in contrast to the specimens soaked in spent engine oil, which showed a high resistance to Poria placenta. After 10 weeks of incubation in a climatic chamber, the weight loss of untreated specimens was 34.25%, and it was 2.57% for the treated ones. It indicates a high resistance of wood impregnated with spent engine oil to biodegradation. After 16 weeks, the percentage of weight loss for untreated specimens increased by 13.07% and amounted to 47.32%. Treated specimens showed 3.61% weight loss. Thus, the impregnation of wood with spent engine oil significantly increased the resistance of birch wood to biodegradation.

4. Conclusions

When birch wood was impregnated with spent engine oil, the weight percent gain (WPG) was 58.6%, which indicates a high degree of impregnation and easy penetration of the composition into the wood. Impregnation with spent engine oil significantly reduced WA and MA (by 3.7-fold and 97.6%, respectively). The treatment of wood with spent engine oil reduced swelling in tangential and radial directions by 56.8% and 45.7%, respectively. Therefore, the treatment with this composition improves dimensional stability of the wood. The increase in the hydrophobicity of the wood surface after impregnation is confirmed by the data on the determination of the contact angle before and after impregnation. After impregnation of wood specimens, a significant increase in the contact angle was observed in all three directions (radial, tangential and transverse) relative to untreated wood. This indicates hydrophobization of the wood surface associated with the adsorption coating of the specimen surface by impregnating composition and its diffusion penetration into the volumetric space. After evaluating thermal stability, the specimens treated with spent engine oil, differed from the control group by having two sharp endothermic peaks at 302 °C and 357 °C, while the DTG of the untreated specimens appeared as a regular curve with sharp peaks at 352 °C during TGA. After treating the wood with spent engine oil, FTIR spectra showed the presence of absorption bands in the spent engine oil, although no significant structural changes were observed. In addition, the treated specimens showed a significant increase in biostability against brown rot fungi (Poria placenta) and a weight loss was only 3.61% after 16 weeks of incubation.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.B.; methodology, K.V.Z. and A.P.; validation, L.B. and K.V.Z.; formal analysis, K.V.Z.; resources, L.B., A.P., T.I.; data curation, L.B. and K.V.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, K.V.Z. and L.B.; writing—review and editing, L.B. and K.V.Z.; visualization, K.V.Z.; supervision, L.B., A.P., T.I. and K.V.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by FOUNDATION FOR THE PROMOTION OF INNOVATION, grant number 15368GU/2020.

Acknowledgments

Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov (VSUFT) for the opportunity to conduct research.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Forests 12 01762 g001 550
Figure 1. Moisture absorption (a) and water absorption (b) of treated and untreated birch wood, split birch wood sample (c) before and after impregnation.
Figure 1. Moisture absorption (a) and water absorption (b) of treated and untreated birch wood, split birch wood sample (c) before and after impregnation.
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Figure 2. Swelling (a) and anti-swelling efficiency (b) of treated and untreated birch wood.
Figure 2. Swelling (a) and anti-swelling efficiency (b) of treated and untreated birch wood.
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Figure 3. TG (a) and DTG (b) curves of wood specimens impregnated and not impregnated with spent engine oil.
Figure 3. TG (a) and DTG (b) curves of wood specimens impregnated and not impregnated with spent engine oil.
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Figure 4. The angle of contact of treated and untreated wood with distilled water in the transverse (a), radial (b) and tangential (c) directions. Vertical lines indicate the standard error of measurements.
Figure 4. The angle of contact of treated and untreated wood with distilled water in the transverse (a), radial (b) and tangential (c) directions. Vertical lines indicate the standard error of measurements.
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Figure 5. FTIR study of used engine oil, treated and untreated wood.
Figure 5. FTIR study of used engine oil, treated and untreated wood.
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Figure 6. Biostability test against Poria placenta of untreated (a) and treated wood (b) after 16 weeks; (c) weight loss of specimens after 10 and 16 weeks of incubation with brown rot.
Figure 6. Biostability test against Poria placenta of untreated (a) and treated wood (b) after 16 weeks; (c) weight loss of specimens after 10 and 16 weeks of incubation with brown rot.
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Table
Table 1. Physical and chemical indicators of spent engine oil provided by Avrora Avto.
Table 1. Physical and chemical indicators of spent engine oil provided by Avrora Avto.
IndicatorUnitTest MethodMeasured Value
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °Cmm2/sASTM D 44582.6
Kinematic viscosity at 100 °Cmm2/sASTM D 44513.7
Viscosity index-ASTM D 2270170
TBN (Total Base Number)mg, KOHASTM D 47398.28
TAN (Total Acid Number)mg, KOHASTM D 6642.08
pH-ASTM D 6645.8
Water contentIR UnitsASTM E 2412<0.1
Colloidal carbon content0.1
Oxidation product content11
Oil content<0.1
Content of nitration products8
Table
Table 2. Weight of the specimen before and after spent motor oil impregnation.
Table 2. Weight of the specimen before and after spent motor oil impregnation.
Before Impregnation, g.After Impregnation, g.WPG,%
Weight of the specimen2.12 ± 0.143.36 ± 0.1658.5
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Belchinskaya, L.; Zhuzhukin, K.V.; Ishchenko, T.; Platonov, A. Impregnation of Wood with Waste Engine Oil to Increase Water- and Bio-Resistance. Forests 2021, 12, 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121762

AMA Style

Belchinskaya L, Zhuzhukin KV, Ishchenko T, Platonov A. Impregnation of Wood with Waste Engine Oil to Increase Water- and Bio-Resistance. Forests. 2021; 12(12):1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121762

Chicago/Turabian Style

Belchinskaya, Larisa, Konstantin Viktorovich Zhuzhukin, Tatiana Ishchenko, and Aleksey Platonov. 2021. "Impregnation of Wood with Waste Engine Oil to Increase Water- and Bio-Resistance" Forests 12, no. 12: 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121762

APA Style

Belchinskaya, L., Zhuzhukin, K. V., Ishchenko, T., & Platonov, A. (2021). Impregnation of Wood with Waste Engine Oil to Increase Water- and Bio-Resistance. Forests, 12(12), 1762. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121762

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