Effect of Perforation Dyeing Technique on Color Difference, Colorfastness, and Basic Density of Living Red-Heart Chinese Fir
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Dye Selection
2.3. Dyeing Method
2.4. Measurement Indexes and Experimental Methods
2.4.1. Color Difference Measurement
2.4.2. Colorfastness and Wood Basic Density (WBD) Measurement
2.5. Data Analysis
2.5.1. Establishment of the Evaluation Set
2.5.2. Determination of Evaluation Indicators
2.5.3. Fuzzy Matrix Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Dyeing Factors on Color Difference
3.2. Effect of the Dyeing Factors on the Colorfastness
3.3. Effect of Dye Fluid on Wood Basic Density
3.4. Comprehensive Evaluation of the Dyeing Process
BB = (0.3270, 0.3452, 0.3278)
BC = (0.3318, 0.3338, 0.3344)
BD = (0.3601, 0.3113, 0.3582)
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Dyeing Factors on the Color Difference
4.2. Effect of the Dyeing Factors on Colorfastness
4.3. Effect of the Dyeing Fluid on WBD
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Process Number | Reactive Dye (%) | Penetrant (%) | KH2PO4 (%) | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.2 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 3.5 |
2 | 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 4.5 |
3 | 0.2 | 0.10 | 0.3 | 5.5 |
4 | 0.5 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 5.5 |
5 | 0.5 | 0.05 | 0.3 | 3.5 |
6 | 0.5 | 0.10 | 0.1 | 4.5 |
7 | 0.8 | 0.01 | 0.3 | 4.5 |
8 | 0.8 | 0.05 | 0.1 | 5.5 |
9 | 0.8 | 0.10 | 0.2 | 3.5 |
CK | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Process Number | L* | a* | b* | ΔL* | Δa* | Δb* | ΔE1* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 71.07 ± 1.95 | 18.01 ± 2.89 | 14.32 ± 0.94 | −9.76 ± 1.74 | 12.17 ± 2.94 | −1.18 ± 1.03 | 15.81 ± 3.12 c |
2 | 72.49 ± 1.77 | 16.93 ± 3.30 | 12.02 ± 1.44 | −8.33 ± 1.79 | 11.10 ± 3.42 | −3.47 ± 1.55 | 14.51 ± 3.63 bc |
3 | 71.97 ± 3.80 | 15.53 ± 5.11 | 15.88 ± 1.82 | −8.85 ± 3.50 | 9.69 ± 5.15 | 0.39 ± 1.68 | 13.88 ± 5.50 abc |
4 | 73.57 ± 4.25 | 16.69 ± 3.80 | 12.17 ± 0.41 | −7.25 ± 4.19 | 10.86 ± 3.93 | −3.32 ± 0.65 | 13.74 ± 5.40 abc |
5 | 67.59 ± 4.88 | 22.82 ± 6.05 | 11.08 ± 0.63 | −13.23 ± 7.54 | 16.98 ± 6.00 | −4.42 ± 0.79 | 22.23 ± 6.94 abc |
6 | 69.67 ± 4.70 | 13.73 ± 6.04 | 18.67 ± 1.40 | −11.15 ± 4.48 | 7.90 ± 6.13 | 3.17 ± 1.33 | 14.70 ± 6.88 abc |
7 | 65.16 ± 2.83 | 23.71 ± 4.12 | 12.29 ± 0.76 | −15.66 ± 3.12 | 17.87 ± 4.30 | −3.20 ± 2.23 | 24.09 ± 5.21 abc |
8 | 65.24 ± 1.83 | 26.94 ± 2.88 | 11.45 ± 0.54 | −15.59 ± 1.11 | 21.11 ± 2.80 | −4.05 ± 0.49 | 26.66 ± 2.80 ab |
9 | 63.17 ± 5.65 | 25.43 ± 6.33 | 11.04 ± 2.11 | −17.65 ± 5.44 | 19.59 ± 6.42 | −4.46 ± 2.22 | 26.86 ± 8.54 a |
Four Factors | Levels | ΔL* | Δa* | Δb* | ΔE1* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Code | Factors | |||||
A | Reactive dye (%) | 0.2% | −8.98 | 10.99 | −1.42 | 14.73 |
0.5% | −10.54 | 11.91 | −1.52 | 16.89 | ||
0.8% | −16.30 | 19.52 | −3.90 | 25.87 | ||
R | 7.32 | 8.53 | 2.48 | 11.14 | ||
B | Penetrant (%) | 0.01% | −10.89 | 13.63 | −2.57 | 17.88 |
0.05% | −12.38 | 16.39 | −3.75 | 21.13 | ||
0.10% | −12.55 | 12.39 | −2.41 | 18.48 | ||
R | 1.66 | 4.00 | 1.34 | 3.25 | ||
C | KH2PO4 (%) | 0.1% | −12.16 | 13.73 | −0.68 | 19.06 |
0.2% | −11.08 | 13.85 | −3.75 | 18.37 | ||
0.3% | −12.58 | 14.85 | −2.41 | 20.06 | ||
R | 1.50 | 1.12 | 3.07 | 1.70 | ||
D | pH | 3.5 | −13.55 | 16.25 | −3.35 | 21.64 |
4.5 | −11.71 | 12.29 | −1.17 | 17.76 | ||
5.5 | −10.56 | 13.89 | −2.33 | 18.09 | ||
R | 2.98 | 3.96 | 2.18 | 3.87 | ||
Sort Factors | A > D > B > C | A > B > D > C | C > A > D > B | A > D > B > C |
Treatment Number | Before Soaking | After Soaking | Color Parameter Difference | Total Color Difference | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L* | a* | b* | L* | a* | b* | ΔL* | Δa* | Δb* | ΔE2* | |
1 | 70.07 ± 2.32 | 20.36 ± 2.47 | 13.13 ± 1.84 | 71.00 ± 2.40 | 18.51 ± 2.59 | 13.09 ± 1.79 | 0.92 ± 1.34 | −1.84 ± 1.56 | −0.04 ± 0.66 | 2.61 ± 1.50 c |
2 | 71.77 ± 3.02 | 16.49 ± 1.79 | 16.24 ± 1.78 | 72.05 ± 2.55 | 15.06 ± 2.38 | 15.73 ± 1.77 | 0.28 ± 1.39 | −1.43 ± 0.89 | −0.51 ± 1.34 | 2.30 ± 1.26 bc |
3 | 67.52 ± 2.01 | 18.64 ± 2.35 | 16.08 ± 2.55 | 68.12 ± 3.01 | 16.78 ± 2.78 | 16.43 ± 1.90 | 0.61 ± 1.46 | −1.87 ± 0.95 | 0.35 ± 1.26 | 2.72 ± 1.09 abc |
4 | 73.57 ± 5.89 | 16.83 ± 4.98 | 13.64 ± 0.93 | 74.57 ± 5.09 | 14.53 ± 4.00 | 13.74 ± 1.03 | 0.99 ± 0.99 | −2.30 ± 1.14 | 0.10 ± 0.43 | 2.63 ± 1.41 abc |
5 | 65.11 ± 4.78 | 24.64 ± 5.97 | 12.40 ± 1.02 | 67.01 ± 4.36 | 22.62 ± 5.57 | 13.82 ± 1.51 | 1.91 ± 1.88 | −2.02 ± 1.51 | 1.42 ± 1.07 | 3.53 ± 1.81 abc |
6 | 60.60 ± 1.20 | 20.22 ± 0.88 | 13.81 ± 2.22 | 62.41 ± 1.65 | 18.30 ± 0.72 | 15.77 ± 2.18 | 1.81 ± 2.18 | −1.93 ± 1.18 | 1.96 ± 1.95 | 3.84 ± 2.47 abc |
7 | 61.93 ± 2.79 | 25.18 ± 3.50 | 15.63 ± 1.88 | 65.12 ± 3.95 | 22.13 ± 3.67 | 15.59 ± 2.00 | 3.18 ± 1.69 | −3.05 ± 1.26 | −0.03 ± 2.44 | 5.12 ± 1.64 abc |
8 | 64.36 ± 2.62 | 26.56 ± 4.98 | 13.55 ± 1.75 | 65.90 ± 3.24 | 23.81 ± 4.24 | 13.90 ± 0.81 | 1.54 ± 2.11 | −2.74 ± 2.01 | 0.35 ± 1.87 | 4.22 ± 2.06 ab |
9 | 62.28 ± 6.53 | 24.42 ± 6.15 | 12.75 ± 1.71 | 65.35 ± 5.18 | 22.71 ± 5.75 | 13.39 ± 1.15 | 3.08 ± 1.80 | −1.71 ± 0.95 | 0.64 ± 1.90 | 4.01 ± 2.12 c |
Horizontal Analysis | Factors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | |
X1 | 2.55 | 3.45 | 3.56 | 3.38 |
X2 | 3.33 | 3.35 | 2.98 | 3.75 |
X3 | 4.45 | 3.52 | 3.79 | 3.19 |
R | 1.91 | 0.17 | 0.81 | 0.57 |
Sort Factors | A > C > D > B | |||
Excellence Level | A1 | B2 | C2 | D3 |
Source of the Variance | Degree of Freedom | Sum Squares of Mean Deviation | Mean Square | F | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reactive dye (%) | 2 | 65.899 | 32.95 | 10.282 | 0.000 | *** |
Penetrant (%) | 2 | 0.455 | 0.227 | 0.071 | 0.932 | |
KH2PO4 (%) | 2 | 11.985 | 5.992 | 1.87 | 0.160 | |
pH value | 2 | 4.962 | 2.481 | 0.774 | 0.464 | |
Error | 18 | 288.421 | 3.205 | |||
Total | 26 | 372.509 |
Horizontal Analysis | Factors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | |
X1 | 0.296 | 0.306 | 0.296 | 0.301 |
X2 | 0.300 | 0.269 | 0.288 | 0.278 |
X3 | 0.275 | 0.296 | 0.287 | 0.292 |
R | 0.025 | 0.037 | 0.009 | 0.023 |
Sort Factors | B > A > D > C |
Evaluating Indicator | Optimum Combination | Sort Factors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reactive Dye (%) | Penetrant (%) | KH2PO4 (%) | pH | ||
Wood color difference | A3 (0.8) | B2 (0.05) | C3 (0.3) | D1 (3.5) | A > D > B > C |
Wood colorfastness | A1 (0.2) | B3 (0.10) | C2 (0.2) | D3 (5.5) | A > C > D > B |
Wood basic density | A2 (0.5) | B1 (0.01) | C1 (0.1) | D1 (3.5) | B > A > D > C |
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Wang, Y.; Qu, R.; Deng, X.; Huang, Z.; Xiang, W.; Ouyang, S. Effect of Perforation Dyeing Technique on Color Difference, Colorfastness, and Basic Density of Living Red-Heart Chinese Fir. Forests 2021, 12, 1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121721
Wang Y, Qu R, Deng X, Huang Z, Xiang W, Ouyang S. Effect of Perforation Dyeing Technique on Color Difference, Colorfastness, and Basic Density of Living Red-Heart Chinese Fir. Forests. 2021; 12(12):1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121721
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yiying, Ruru Qu, Xiangwen Deng, Zhihong Huang, Wenhua Xiang, and Shuai Ouyang. 2021. "Effect of Perforation Dyeing Technique on Color Difference, Colorfastness, and Basic Density of Living Red-Heart Chinese Fir" Forests 12, no. 12: 1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121721