Natural Regeneration Following Partial and Clear-Cut Harvesting in Mature Aspen-Jack Pine Stands in Eastern Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Stand Characteristics and Silvicultural Treatments
2.3. Tree and Natural Regeneration Survey
2.4. On and Off Trail Regeneration Survey
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Stand Basal Area Prior to and After Harvesting
3.2. Regeneration Abundance 7–19 Years after PC and 13–19 Years after CPRS
3.3. Regeneration Abundance and Growth on and off Machinery Trails
3.4. Influence of Basal Area and Ground Cover on Seedling Abundance
4. Discussion
4.1. Stand Merchantable Basal Area Proportion 7–19 Years after PC and 13–19 Years after CPRS
4.2. Effects of Partial Cutting on Regeneration Abundance of Conifers (H1) and Aspen (H2)
4.3. Effect of Position Relative to Machinery Trails on Density and Height of Conifers (H3, H4) and Trembling Aspen (H5, H6)
4.4. Influence of Basal Area and Germination Substrates on Seedling Abundance
5. Conclusions and Silvicultural Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Harvest Year | Sampling Interval (y) | Stand Basal Area (m2 ha−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Harvest | Post-Harvest | |||
Cntrl | 40.8 | 38.0 | ||
PC | 1998–2010 | 7–19 | 45.9 | 23.2 |
CPRS | 1998–2004 | 13–19 | 46.8 | 4.0 |
Species | Treatment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | PC | CPRS | p-Value | |
Prior to treatment | ||||
Trembling aspen | 31.3 ± 2.1 | 30.4 ± 2.0 | 31.7 ± 1.7 | 0.911 |
White birch | 1.2 ± 2.2 | 1.8 ± 2.0 | 1.1 ± 2.0 | 0.438 |
Balsam fir | 2.6 ± 2.3 | 2.9 ± 2.2 | 3.6 ± 4.2 | 0.598 |
White spruce | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 3.3 | 2.4 ± 2.8 | 0.685 |
Black spruce | 1.2 ± 1.2 | 2.5 ± 3.4 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 0.085 |
Jack pine | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 4.2 | 6.1± 4.2 | 0.735 |
White cedar | 0.2 ± 1.4 | 0.3 ± 1.5 | 0.4 ± 1.2 | 0.454 |
Total | 40.8 ± 2.3 | 45.9 ± 3.7 | 46.8 ± 2.0 | 0.264 |
After treatment | ||||
Trembling aspen | 24.4a ± 1.6 | 13.8b ± 2.2 | 3.1c ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
White birch | 1.5a ± 2.0 | 1.3a ± 1.6 | 0.2b ± 0.6 | 0.008 |
Balsam fir | 6.2a ± 4.1 | 2.4a ± 1.7 | 0.6b ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
White spruce | 2.3a ± 2.6 | 3.0a ± 2.6 | 0.1b ± 0.3 | 0.030 |
Black spruce | 1.6 ± 3.3 | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.076 |
Jack pine | 1.6 ± 4.2 | 2.4 ± 4.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.085 |
White cedar | 0.4 ± 1.4 | 0.1 ± 0.5 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.551 |
Total | 38.0a ± 2.1 | 23.2b ± 1.4 | 4.0c ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
Species | Treatment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | PC | CPRS | p-Value | |
Seedlings | ||||
Trembling aspen | 1417b ± 321 | 5188a ± 884 | 1667b ± 561 | 0.024 |
White birch | 42 ± 42 | 104 ± 61 | 21 ± 21 | 0.436 |
Balsam fir | 12,042a ± 2135 | 13,604a ± 1719 | 3583b ± 964 | <0.001 |
White spruce | 500b ± 132 | 1979a ± 596 | 417b ± 165 | 0.048 |
Black spruce | 479 ± 209 | 146 ± 71 | 312 ± 163 | 0.678 |
Jack pine | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 83 ± 83 | |
White cedar | 0 ± 0 | 63 ± 35 | 0 ± 0 | |
Total | 14,473a ± 13,268 | 21,084b ± 19,282 | 6083c ± 5160 | <0.001 |
Saplings | ||||
Trembling aspen | 173c ± 56 | 1486b ± 320 | 10,193a ± 111 | <0.001 |
White birch | 60 ± 20 | 233 ± 72 | 533 ± 112 | 0.225 |
Balsam fir | 1093 ± 175 | 846 ± 121 | 1666 ± 711 | 0.316 |
White spruce | 60 ± 21 | 103 ± 24 | 76 ± 32 | 0.745 |
Black spruce | 53 ± 28 | 10 ± 7 | 80 ± 47 | 0.468 |
Jack pine | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 53 ± 53 | |
White cedar | 0 ± 0 | 7 ± 7 | 0 ± 0 | |
Total | 1439b ± 832 | 2685b ± 1154 | 12,601a ± 10,269 | <0.001 |
Species | Treatment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | PC-T | PC-OT | CPRS-T | CPRS-OT | p-Value | |
Trembling aspen | 2931b ± 635 | 6667a ± 1280 | 2073b ± 735 | 366c ± 316 | 64c ± 73 | <0.001 |
White birch | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 61 ± 71 | 50 ± 65 | 0.697 |
Balsam fir | 9083a ± 1028 | 1710b ± 359 | 3170b ± 316 | 119c ± 84 | 313c ± 190 | <0.001 |
White spruce | 500 ± 446 | 329 ± 195 | 366 ± 202 | 113 ± 110 | 188 ± 148 | 0.429 |
Black spruce | 125 ± 107 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 120 ± 120 | 188 ± 148 | 0.530 |
Jack pine | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 63 ± 62 | |
White cedar | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | |
Total | 12,639a ± 255 | 8706b ± 224 | 5609b ± 230 | 666c ± 220 | 866c ± 219 | <0.001 |
Well-Decomposed Woody Debris | Deciduous Litter | Coniferous Litter | Basal Area | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trembling Aspen | Balsam Fir | ||||||
Pre-Harvest | Post-Harvest | Pre-Harvest | Post-Harvest | ||||
Aspen seedling abundance | 0.249 (0.018) | 0.150 (0.158) | −0.219 (0.038) | 0.364 (<0.001) | 0.039 (0.717) | 0.312 (0.003) | 0.136 (0.200) |
Fir seedling abundance | 0.210 (0.047) | −0.413 (< 0.001) | 0.445 (<0.001) | 0.327 (0.002) | −0.212 (0.045) | 0.007 (0.949) | 0.150 (0.157) |
Total hardwood abundance | 0.252 (0.016) | 0.145 (0.174) | −0.216 (0.041) | 0.363 (<0.001) | 0.039 (0.714) | 0.314 (<0.001) | 0.135 (0.714) |
Total conifer abundance | 0.215 (0.042) | −0.215 (0.042) | 0.215 (<0.001) | 0.036 (0.001) | −0.207 (0.051) | −0.003 (0.978) | 0.160 (0.131) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Maleki, K.; Nguema Allogo, F.; Lafleur, B. Natural Regeneration Following Partial and Clear-Cut Harvesting in Mature Aspen-Jack Pine Stands in Eastern Canada. Forests 2020, 11, 741. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11070741
Maleki K, Nguema Allogo F, Lafleur B. Natural Regeneration Following Partial and Clear-Cut Harvesting in Mature Aspen-Jack Pine Stands in Eastern Canada. Forests. 2020; 11(7):741. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11070741
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaleki, Kobra, Freddy Nguema Allogo, and Benoit Lafleur. 2020. "Natural Regeneration Following Partial and Clear-Cut Harvesting in Mature Aspen-Jack Pine Stands in Eastern Canada" Forests 11, no. 7: 741. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11070741