Distance from the Forest Edge Influences Soil Fungal Communities Colonizing a Reclaimed Soil Borrow Site in Boreal Mixedwood Forest
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description, Transect Layout, and Sample Collection
2.2. Culturing and DNA-Based Identification of Fungi from Aspen Roots
2.3. DNA Extraction and Bioinformatic Analysis from Aspen Root Tissue Using the Roche 454 Platform
2.4. DNA Extraction and Bioinformatic Analysis from Forest Floor Organic and Mineral Soil Samples Using the Illumina Platform
2.5. Nutrient Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Fungi Cultured from Aspen Roots
3.2. Fungi from Aspen Roots Identified by Roche 454 Analysis
3.3. Soil Fungal Communities Identified by Illumina Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Mycorrhizal Taxa
4.2. Saprotrophs and Soil Nutrients
4.3. Plant Pathogens and Seedlings
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fungal Ta xa Cultured | Representative Culture | Representative GenBank Accession | # of Aspen | TF * | Pyro. Aspen Roots | Illumina Soils | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Genus | Species | Genus | |||||
Cylindrocarpon olidum | NoF 3158 | MT294406 | 3 | PP | N | 0 | N | 2 |
Fusarium acuminatum | NoF 3159 | MT294407 | 1 | SB | N | 2 | N | 13 |
Ilyonectria crassa † | NoF 3124 | MT294410 | 1 | SB | N | 2 | N | 2 |
Tolypocladium inflatum‡ | NoF 3144 | MT294423 | 1 | SB | Y | 1 | N | 1 |
Lachnum pygmaeum | NoF 3127 | MT294411 | 2 | ST | N | 2 | Y | 7 |
Mycena epipterygia | NoF 3165 | MT294413 | 1 | ST | N | 5 | N | 34 |
Mycena leptocephala | NoF 3163 | MT294414 | 1 | ST | N | 5 | N | 34 |
Nodulisporium sp. | NoF 3148 | MT294416 | 1 | ST | NA | 0 | NA | 0 |
Oidiodendron echinulatum | NoF 3152 | MT294417 | 1 | ST | N | 1 | N | 13 |
Porodaedalea pini | NoF 3172 | MT294420 | 1 | ST | N | 0 | N | 0 |
Scedosporium minutisporum | NoF 3135 | MT294422 | 1 | ST | N | 0 | N | 1 |
Trichocladium opacum | NoF 3133 | MT294424 | 1 | ST | Y | 1 | Y | 2 |
Cadophora finlandica | NoF 3116 | MT294403 | 5 | ST ‖ | N | 1 | Y | 18 |
Cladophialophora chaetospira | NoF 3119 | MT294404 | 1 | ST ‖ | Y | 1 | Y | 7 |
Cryptosporiopsis ericae | NoF 3122 | MT294405 | 1 | ST ‖ | N | 1 | N | 0 |
Leptodontidium orchidicola | NoF 3121 | MT294412 | 3 | ST ‖ | N | 0 | N | 4 |
Oidiodendron pilicola | NoF 3120 | MT294418 | 2 | ST ‖ | N | 1 | Y | 13 |
Phialocephala fortinii | NoF 3123 | MT294419 | 11 | ST ‖ | Y | 2 | Y | 14 |
Rhizoscyphus ericae§ | NoF 3128 | MT294421 | 2 | ST ‖ | Y | 1 | Y | 2 |
Acremonium sp. | NoF 3147 | MT294401 | 2 | UK | NA | 1 | NA | 16 |
Auriculariales order | NoF 3160 | MT294402 | 1 | UK | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Helotiales order | NoF 3169 | MT294408 | 1 | UK | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Hypocreales order | None | MT294409 | 1 | UK | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Nectriaceae family | NoF 3145 | MT294415 | 2 | UK | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Response Variable | All Taxa | Highly Variable Taxa | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conditions | Conditions | ||||||||
None | None | Transect | Seedling Species | No. of Seedlings | Dom. Tree Species | Nutrients | PCNMs * | ||
Rel. abun. | All soil fractions † | 0.001 4.04% | 0.001 4.22% | 0.001 4.24% | 0.001 3.07% | NA | 0.001 4.23% | 0.001 3.10% | 0.001 2.11% |
Forest floor | 0.017 6.72% | 0.024 6.61% | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.467 5.33% | NA | |
Coarse soils | 0.004 9.91% | 0.004 10.27% | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.245 6.44% | NA | |
Fine soils | 0.001 10.82% | 0.003 11.41% | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.119 7.26% | 0.005 10.70% | |
Roots | 0.002 8.89% | 0.004 8.98% | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.189 6.49% | NA | |
Pres./abs. | All soil fractions † | 0.001 4.60% | 0.001 9.09% | 0.001 9.19% | 0.001 7.90% | 0.001 8.74% | 0.001 9.08% | 0.005 2.34% | 0.001 2.64% |
Forest floor | 0.001 8.97% | 0.001 12.14% | NA | NA | NA | 0.001 12.12% | 0.390 4.54% | 0.140 5.90% | |
Coarse soils | 0.001 9.52% | 0.001 17.43% | NA | NA | NA | 0.002 17.29% | 0.027 8.10% | 0.230 5.86% | |
Fine soils | 0.002 9.26% | 0.002 16.01% | NA | NA | NA | 0.001 15.77% | 0.067 6.80% | 0.028 8.86% | |
Roots | 0.008 8.13% | 0.023 8.99% | NA | NA | NA | 0.027 8.91% | 0.678 4.52% | 0.943 3.44% |
RN | Forest Interior | TF * | RN | Reclaimed Area | TF * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
107,334 | Amphinema sp. ML-1 | EM | 10,056 | Podospora intestinacea | ST |
71,115 | Russula fragilis var. fragilis | EM | 9094 | Leptospora rubella | UK |
55,212 | Tricholoma platyphyllum | EM | 9035 | Psathyrella abieticola | ST |
52,951 | Tomentella fusco-cinerea | EM | 8030 | Phlebia sp. DLL2011-1 | SWR |
38,287 | Laccaria sp. AWW564 | EM | 7092 | Hypholoma capnoides | ST |
30,365 | Cortinarius colymbadinus | EM | 6491 | Paraphoma sp. L13 † | UK |
29,191 | Piloderma sphaerosporum† | EM | 5167 | Plectosphaerella sp. FPGLXJ06 | PP |
14,544 | Hygrophorus sp. EL-2014 | EM | 4995 | Epulorhiza sp. SO 035 | UK |
13,770 | Sebacina sp. Seb13I | EM | 4053 | Cadophora sp. 9232S2 † | ST |
12,855 | Cortinarius paragaudis | EM | 3511 | Trogia venenata | ST |
12,308 | Trechispora stellulata | ST | 2747 | Seimatosporium vitis | PP |
9853 | Sistotrema sp. PC14 | ST | 1113 | Trichoderma aureoviride | ST |
5241 | Mycena amicta | ST | 1071 | Rhizoctonia sp. 70B | SBR |
4377 | Inocybe fulvipes | EM | 1009 | Dendrosporium sp. 1 RB-2011 | ST |
3870 | Clavariadelphus sachalinensis | ST | |||
3707 | Tomentella sp. 4 RT-2012 | EM | |||
3618 | Sistotrema oblongisporum | ST | |||
3481 | Tricholoma saponaceum var. saponaceum | EM | |||
2593 | Tomentella sp. YM1903 | EM | |||
2137 | Tomentella subtestacea | EM | |||
1981 | Thyronectria coryli | UK | |||
1880 | Inocybe calida | EM | |||
1400 | Clavariadelphus ligula | ST | |||
1389 | Sclerotinia nivalis | PP | |||
659 | Hypochnicium albostramineum | SWR | |||
118 | Tricholoma magnivelare | EM |
Response Variable | Conditions | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | Transect | Seedling Species | No. of Seedlings | Dom. Tree Species | Nutrients | PCNMs * | ||
Rel. abun. | All soil fractions † | 0.001 8.89% | 0.001 9.06% | 0.001 5.87% | 0.001 7.12% | NA | 0.007 2.52% | 0.210 1.50% |
Forest floor | 0.001 13.39% | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.203 5.76% | 0.247 5.98% | |
Coarse soils | 0.011 14.84% | NA | 0.042 9.19% | NA | NA | 0.041 8.82% | NA | |
Fine soils | 0.003 16.11% | NA | 0.012 11.26% | NA | NA | 0.065 8.11% | 0.146 8.42% | |
Roots | 0.034 10.84% | NA | 0.198 5.72% | NA | NA | 0.039 10.13% | 0.007 11.97% | |
No. of taxa | All soil fractions † | 0.007 5.01% | 0.005 4.85% | 0.012 3.98% | NA | 0.006 4.96% | 0.103 2.45% | 0.056 2.48% |
Forest floor | 0.114 10.14% | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.288 5.17% | NA | |
Coarse soils | 0.088 11.17% | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.002 18.00% | 0.083 10.45% | |
Fine soils | 0.546 4.30% | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.228 5.60% | |
Roots | 0.426 5.16% | 0.286 4.34% | NA | NA | NA | 0.662 2.87% | 0.229 4.66% |
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Ramsfield, T.; Shay, P.-E.; Trofymow, T.; Myrholm, C.; Tomm, B.; Gagné, P.; Bérubé, J. Distance from the Forest Edge Influences Soil Fungal Communities Colonizing a Reclaimed Soil Borrow Site in Boreal Mixedwood Forest. Forests 2020, 11, 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11040427
Ramsfield T, Shay P-E, Trofymow T, Myrholm C, Tomm B, Gagné P, Bérubé J. Distance from the Forest Edge Influences Soil Fungal Communities Colonizing a Reclaimed Soil Borrow Site in Boreal Mixedwood Forest. Forests. 2020; 11(4):427. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11040427
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamsfield, Tod, Philip-Edouard Shay, Tony Trofymow, Colin Myrholm, Bradley Tomm, Patrick Gagné, and Jean Bérubé. 2020. "Distance from the Forest Edge Influences Soil Fungal Communities Colonizing a Reclaimed Soil Borrow Site in Boreal Mixedwood Forest" Forests 11, no. 4: 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11040427