Experimental Investigation on Pore Structure Characterization of Concrete Exposed to Water and Chlorides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Analysis
2.1. The Pore Structure Characterization of Concrete Submersed in Deionised Water
2.2. Effects of Fly Ash on the Pore Structure of Concrete
2.3. Effect of Chloride Ingress on the Pore Structure of Concrete
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
Composition (Mass % as Oxide) | Cement | Fly Ash (FA) |
---|---|---|
Calcium oxide (CaO) | 64.67 | 4.74 |
Silica (SiO2) | 18.59 | 62.32 |
Alumina (Al2O3) | 4.62 | 23.95 |
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) | 4.17 | 1.33 |
Magnesium oxide (MgO) | 2.35 | 2.04 |
Sulfer trioxide (SO3) | 3.32 | 1.25 |
Potassium oxide (K2O) | 0.92 | 0.76 |
Loss on ignition (LOI) | 1.03 | 3.12 |
3.2. Mix Proportions of Concrete
Sample | W/B | Compressive Strength | Composition (kg/m3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | Sand | Crush Stone | Fly Ash | Water | |||
OPC | 0.47 | 45.4 | 409 | 720 | 1079 | 0 | 192 |
M1 | 0.47 | 44.4 | 348 | 697 | 1054 | 61 | 192 |
M2 | 0.47 | 36.7 | 286 | 689 | 1041 | 123 | 192 |
3.3. Production of Sample and Testing
3.4. Tests for Pore Structure
4. Conclusions
- As to the ordinary Portland concrete, the deteriorated effect of calcium leaching is found to be the dominant parameter governing the evolution of pore structure in spite of the growth of solid hydration products. During the process of immersion, the leaching phenomenon of Ca(OH)2 is obvious. The formation of an oriented structure of water in concrete exposed to water saturation as well bears the responsibility for destruction of the pore structure of concrete.
- The concrete with a certain amount of fly ash added reflects higher calcium leaching resistance degree than the ordinary Portland concrete, which is closely linked to the double effects of fly-ash substitution of concrete: micro-filler effect and pozzolanic reaction. Especially when the dosage of fly ash is up to 30%, the pores that are larger than 100 nm significantly decline. The pore system of fly ash concrete shows less connectivity, which can resist the leaching of Ca(OH)2 and dissolution of C–S–H gel.
- The chloride ions can have a significant influence on the microstructure of cement materials. The pore size of concrete under chloride saturation has experienced a huge reduction compared to the deionised water immersion. The SEM images shows that the concrete under chloride saturation has a more smooth surface and denser structure in contrast with the deionised water immersion.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liu, J.; Tang, K.; Qiu, Q.; Pan, D.; Lei, Z.; Xing, F. Experimental Investigation on Pore Structure Characterization of Concrete Exposed to Water and Chlorides. Materials 2014, 7, 6646-6659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096646
Liu J, Tang K, Qiu Q, Pan D, Lei Z, Xing F. Experimental Investigation on Pore Structure Characterization of Concrete Exposed to Water and Chlorides. Materials. 2014; 7(9):6646-6659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096646
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Jun, Kaifeng Tang, Qiwen Qiu, Dong Pan, Zongru Lei, and Feng Xing. 2014. "Experimental Investigation on Pore Structure Characterization of Concrete Exposed to Water and Chlorides" Materials 7, no. 9: 6646-6659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096646