Early Combination of Material Characteristics and Toxicology Is Useful in the Design of Low Toxicity Carbon Nanofiber

Department of Environmental Immunology, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, Oslo NO-0403, Norway

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Department of Synthesis and Properties, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim NO-7465, Norway

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Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, MTFS, Trondheim NO-7489, Norway

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Materials 2012, 5(9), 1560-1580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5091560

Received: 20 June 2012 / Revised: 20 August 2012 / Accepted: 27 August 2012 / Published: 3 September 2012

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotoxicology)

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Abstract

This paper describes an approach for the early combination of material characterization and toxicology testing in order to design carbon nanofiber (CNF) with low toxicity. The aim was to investigate how the adjustment of production parameters and purification procedures can result in a CNF product with low toxicity. Different CNF batches from a pilot plant were characterized with respect to physical properties (chemical composition, specific surface area, morphology, surface chemistry) as well as toxicity by in vitro and in vivo tests. A description of a test battery for both material characterization and toxicity is given. The results illustrate how the adjustment of production parameters and purification, thermal treatment in particular, influence the material characterization as well as the outcome of the toxic tests. The combination of the tests early during product development is a useful and efficient approach when aiming at designing CNF with low toxicity. Early quality and safety characterization, preferably in an iterative process, is expected to be efficient and promising for this purpose. The toxicity tests applied are preliminary tests of low cost and rapid execution. For further studies, effects such as lung inflammation, fibrosis and respiratory cancer are recommended for the more in-depth studies of the mature CNF product. View Full-Text

Keywords: carbon nanofiber; toxicity; characterization

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jensen, E.K.; Larsen, S.Y.; Nygaard, U.C.; Marioara, C.D.; Syversen, T. Early Combination of Material Characteristics and Toxicology Is Useful in the Design of Low Toxicity Carbon Nanofiber. Materials 2012, 5, 1560-1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5091560

AMA Style

Jensen EK, Larsen SY, Nygaard UC, Marioara CD, Syversen T. Early Combination of Material Characteristics and Toxicology Is Useful in the Design of Low Toxicity Carbon Nanofiber. Materials. 2012; 5(9):1560-1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5091560

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jensen, Ellen K., Sten Y. Larsen, Unni C. Nygaard, Calin D. Marioara, and Tore Syversen. 2012. "Early Combination of Material Characteristics and Toxicology Is Useful in the Design of Low Toxicity Carbon Nanofiber" Materials 5, no. 9: 1560-1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5091560

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Early Combination of Material Characteristics and Toxicology Is Useful in the Design of Low Toxicity Carbon Nanofiber

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