In Vitro Mechanical Evaluation of Prosthodontic Dental Acrylics Fabricated by Conventional and Additive Techniques
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- (1)
- 3D-printed acrylic—Nextdent Denture 3D+ Light Pink (NextDent, Vertex-Dental B.V., Soesterberg, The Netherlands)—group 1;
- (2)
- Heat-polymerized acrylic using the flask method—Villacryl H Plus (Everall7, Warsaw, Poland)—group 2;
- (3)
- Cold-polymerized acrylic using the pouring method into a silicone mold—Villacryl SP (Everall7, Warsaw, Poland)—group 3.
- -
- bending strength (Young’s modulus calculated),
- -
- tensile strength (Young’s modulus calculated),
- -
- density,
- -
- hardness,
- -
- impact strength.
2.1. Evaluation of Flexural Strength
2.2. Tensile Strength Assessment
2.3. Density Assessment
2.4. Hardness Assessment
2.5. Impact Strength Assessment
- -
- W—work at fracture of the sample [J],
- -
- b, h—width and thickness of the sample [mm].
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Evaluation of Flexural Strength
- -
- Group 1 (3D): 107 ± 5.69 MPa;
- -
- Group 2 (hot-cured): 96.1 ± 6.94 MPa;
- -
- Group 3 (cold-cured): 78.2 ± 6.03 MPa.
3.2. Tensile Strength Assessment
- -
- Group 1 (3D): 68.0 ± 0.43 MPa;
- -
- Group 2 (hot-cured): 64.1 ± 4.50 MPa;
- -
- Group 3 (cold-cured): 47.6 ± 0.41 MPa.
3.3. Density Assessment
- -
- Group 1 (3D): 1.280 g/cm3;
- -
- Group 2 (hot-cured): 1.185 g/cm3;
- -
- Group 3 (cold-cured): 1.177 g/cm3.
3.4. Hardness Assessment
- -
- Group 1 (3D): 21.39 ± 0.68 VHN;
- -
- Group 2 (hot-cured): 25.39 ± 1.81 VHN;
- -
- Group 3 (cold-cured): 17.66 ± 1.28 VHN.
3.5. Impact Strength Assessment
- -
- Group 1 (3D): 11.4 ± 2.98 kJ/m2;
- -
- Group 2 (hot): 8.7 ± 0.39 kJ/m2;
- -
- Group 3 (cold): 9.2 ± 1.49 kJ/m2.
| Sample Number | Group 1 (3D) | Group 2 (Hot-Cured) | Group 3 (Cold-Cured) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tensile Energy [J] | Tensile Stress at Maximum Force [MPa] | Relative Elongation at Maximum Stress [%] | Module (Segment 0.05–0.25%) [GPa] | Tensile Energy [J] | Tensile Stress at Maximum Force [MPa] | Relative Elongation at Maximum Stress [%] | Module (Segment 0.05–0.25%) [GPa] | Tensile Energy [J] | Tensile Stress at Maximum Force [MPa] | Relative Elongation at Maximum Stress [%] | Module (Segment 0.05–0.25%) [GPa] | |
| 1. | 0.117 | 68.7 | 3.19 | 3.64 | 0.128 | 66.8 | 3.65 | 3.12 | 0.0705 | 48.1 | 3.85 | 2.14 |
| 2. | 0.126 | 67.9 | 3.13 | 3.72 | 0.0811 | 59.0 | 2.67 | 3.42 | 0.0606 | 47.7 | 3.83 | 2.33 |
| 3. | 0.162 | 67.8 | 3.35 | 3.56 | 0.108 | 66.5 | 3.46 | 3.24 | 0.0717 | 47.6 | 3.98 | 2.29 |
| 4. | 0.186 | 67.5 | 3.64 | 3.58 | 0.131 | 68.8 | 4.08 | 3.16 | 0.0907 | 47.0 | 3.84 | 2.49 |
| 5. | 0.142 | 68.2 | 3.00 | 3.55 | 0.0807 | 59.6 | 2.64 | 3.33 | 0.127 | 47.3 | 3.80 | 2.59 |
| Mean | 0.147 | 68.0 | 3.26 | 3.61 | 0.106 | 64.1 | 3.30 | 3.25 | 0.0841 | 47.6 | 3.86 | 2.37 |
| Median | 0.142 | 67.9 | 3.19 | 3.58 | 0.108 | 66.5 | 3.46 | 3.24 | 0.0717 | 47.6 | 3.84 | 2.33 |
| Standard deviation | 0.03 | 0.43 | 0.25 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 4.50 | 0.63 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.41 | 0.07 | 0.18 |
| Coefficient of variation [%] | 19.0 | 0.6 | 7.5 | 2.0 | 23.1 | 7.0 | 19.2 | 3.7 | 31.4 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 7.4 |
| Sample Number | Group 1 (3D) | Group 2 (Hot-Cured) | Group 3 (Cold-Cured) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mp [g] | mw [g] | d [g/cm3] | mp [g] | mw [g] | d [g/cm3] | mp [g] | mw [g] | d [g/cm3] | |
| 1. | 1.75 | 0.387 | 1.281 | 1.749 | 0.276 | 1.185 | 1.702 | 0.259 | 1.177 |
| 2. | 1.629 | 0.358 | 1.279 | 1.773 | 0.281 | 1.186 | 1.393 | 0.212 | 1.177 |
| 3. | 1.593 | 0.352 | 1.281 | 1.69 | 0.266 | 1.184 | 1.69 | 0.256 | 1.176 |
| 4. | 1.896 | 0.418 | 1.280 | 1.538 | 0.243 | 1.185 | 1.669 | 0.254 | 1.177 |
| 5. | 1.801 | 0.397 | 1.280 | 1.743 | 0.275 | 1.185 | 1.54 | 0.235 | 1.178 |
| 6. | 1.796 | 0.395 | 1.279 | 1.726 | 0.271 | 1.184 | 1.766 | 0.269 | 1.177 |
| 7. | 1.777 | 0.392 | 1.280 | 1.569 | 0.248 | 1.185 | 1.651 | 0.252 | 1.178 |
| 8. | 1.667 | 0.367 | 1.280 | 1.747 | 0.276 | 1.185 | 1.54 | 0.234 | 1.177 |
| 9. | 1.842 | 0.406 | 1.280 | 1.631 | 0.257 | 1.185 | 1.566 | 0.238 | 1.177 |
| 10. | 1.964 | 0.433 | 1.280 | 1.604 | 0.253 | 1.185 | 1.512 | 0.23 | 1.177 |
| Sample Number | Group 1 (3D) | Group 2 (Hot-Cured) | Group 3 (Cold-Cured) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measurement 1 | Measurement 2 | Mean | Measurement 1 | Measurement 2 | Mean | Measurement 1 | Measurement 2 | Mean | |
| 1. | 20.5 | 21.3 | 20.9 | 27.2 | 25.8 | 26.5 | 16.3 | 17 | 16.65 |
| 2. | 21.4 | 23.1 | 22.25 | 28.1 | 27.7 | 27.9 | 17.8 | 18.4 | 18.1 |
| 3. | 22.4 | 21.2 | 21.8 | 22.4 | 23.1 | 22.75 | 20.4 | 19.8 | 20.1 |
| 4. | 20.2 | 21.8 | 21 | 26.5 | 23 | 24.75 | 19.1 | 17.8 | 18.45 |
| 5. | 21.2 | 20 | 20.6 | 24.8 | 23.2 | 24 | 16.5 | 17.9 | 17.2 |
| 6. | 21 | 20.4 | 20.7 | 26.3 | 24.7 | 25.5 | 18.1 | 20.2 | 19.15 |
| 7. | 21.6 | 19.8 | 20.7 | 22.9 | 22.5 | 22.7 | 17.4 | 16.9 | 17.15 |
| 8. | 21.3 | 23.1 | 22.2 | 27.1 | 26.1 | 26.6 | 18.4 | 16.2 | 17.3 |
| 9. | 21.3 | 22.9 | 22.1 | 26.7 | 25 | 25.85 | 15.6 | 16.6 | 16.1 |
| 10. | 22 | 21.3 | 21.65 | 25.7 | 29 | 27.35 | 15.7 | 17.1 | 16.4 |
| Sample Number | Group 1 (3D) | Group 2 (Hot-Cured) | Group 3 (Cold-Cured) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | h | W | Impact Strength [kJ/m2] | b | h | W | Impact Strength [kJ/m2] | b | h | W | Impact Strength [kJ/m2] | |
| 1. | Width [mm] | Thickness [mm] | Work [J] | Width [mm] | Thickness [mm] | Work [J] | Width [mm] | Thickness [mm] | Work [J] | |||
| 2. | 9.4 | 3.97 | 0.49 | 13.13039 | 8.83 | 4.33 | 0.34 | 8.892632 | 9.1 | 4.1 | 0.37 | 9.9 |
| 3. | 9.39 | 3.97 | 0.53 | 14.21739 | 8.76 | 3.86 | 0.29 | 8.576431 | 9.27 | 4.11 | 0.29 | 7.6 |
| 4. | 9.4 | 4.01 | 0.39 | 10.34647 | 8.75 | 4.22 | 0.34 | 9.207854 | 9.2 | 3.7 | 0.38 | 11.2 |
| 5. | 9.38 | 3.96 | 0.29 | 7.807284 | 8.92 | 4.25 | 0.31 | 8.177262 | 9.37 | 3.89 | 0.29 | 8.0 |
| Mean | 9.41 | 3.99 | 0.29 | 7.723879 | 8.6 | 4.1 | 0.3 | 8.508225 | 9.36 | 4.07 | 0.32 | 8.4 |
| Median | 11.4 | 8.7 | 9.2 | |||||||||
| Standard deviation | 2.98 | 0.39 | 1.49 | |||||||||
| Coefficient of variation [%] | 26.2 | 4.5 | 16.3 | |||||||||
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Flexural Strength
4.2. Tensile Strength
4.3. Density
4.4. Hardness
4.5. Impact Strength
4.6. Clinical Significance and Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
| 3D | Three-Dimensional |
| CI | Confidence Interval |
| DLP | Digital Light Processing |
| ISO | International Organization for Standardization |
| MD | Mean Deviation |
| PMMA | Polymethyl Methacrylate |
| SD | Standard Deviation |
| SLA | Stereolithography |
| SLS | Selective Laser Sintering |
| STL | Stereolitography |
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| Symbol | Explanation of the Symbol | Dimensions [mm] |
|---|---|---|
| l3 | Total length | 58 ± 0.5 |
| l2 | Distance between wide parallel parts | 32 ± 0.5 |
| l1 | The length of the part bounded by parallel lines | 19 ± 0.5 |
| r | Radius | ≥8 |
| b1 | Width of the narrow part | 4 ± 0.5 |
| b2 | Width at the ends | 10 ± 0.5 |
| h | Thickness | 2 |
| L0 | Measuring length | 15 ± 0.5 |
| L | The initial distance between the handles | 38 ± 0.5 |
| Sample Number | Group 1 (3D) | Group 2 (Hot-Cured) | Group 3 (Cold-Cured) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Displacement at Maximum Force [mm] | Bending Deformation (Displacement) at Maximum Force [%] | Young’s Modulus Bending Stress 0.05–0.25%) [GPa] | Maximum Strength [N] | Bending Stress at Maximum Force [MPa] | Displacement at Maximum Force [mm] | Bending Deformation (Displacement) at Maximum Force [%] | Young’s Modulus Bending Stress 0.05–0.25%) [GPa] | Maximum Strength [N] | Bending Stress at Maximum Force [MPa] | Displacement at Maximum Force [mm] | Bending Deformation (Displacement) at Maximum Force [%] | Young’s Modulus Bending Stress 0.05–0.25%) [GPa] | Maximum Strength [N] | Bending Stress at Maximum Force [MPa] | |
| 1 | 5.71 | 3.30 | 3.77 | 163 | 107 | 5.39 | 3.20 | 3.13 | 128 | 87.0 | 8.10 | 4.30 | 2.78 | 109 | 86.1 |
| 2 | 5.96 | 3.49 | 3.64 | 168 | 109 | 6.50 | 4.02 | 3.16 | 167 | 100 | 9.42 | 5.56 | 2.64 | 133 | 82.8 |
| 3 | 5.14 | 2.97 | 3.64 | 150 | 98.6 | 6.54 | 4.21 | 3.24 | 185 | 105 | 6.28 | 3.38 | 2.76 | 99.3 | 76.1 |
| 4 | 5.51 | 3.18 | 3.70 | 159 | 105 | 5.68 | 3.51 | 3.31 | 157 | 94.9 | 6.18 | 3.50 | 2.54 | 103 | 71.8 |
| 5 | 6.46 | 3.73 | 3.72 | 173 | 114 | 5.71 | 3.45 | 3.21 | 150 | 93.2 | 5.75 | 3.40 | 2.71 | 116 | 74.2 |
| Mean | 5.76 | 3.33 | 3.70 | 162 | 107 | 5.96 | 3.68 | 3.21 | 158 | 96.1 | 7.15 | 4.03 | 2.69 | 112 | 78.2 |
| Median | 5.71 | 3.30 | 3.70 | 163 | 107 | 5.71 | 3.51 | 3.21 | 157 | 94.9 | 6.28 | 3.50 | 2.71 | 109 | 76.1 |
| Standard deviation | 0.50 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 8.98 | 5.69 | 0.53 | 0.42 | 0.07 | 21.01 | 6.94 | 1.56 | 0.94 | 0.10 | 13.21 | 6.03 |
| Coefficient of variation [%] | 8.65 | 8.77 | 1.56 | 5.53 | 5.34 | 8.81 | 11.48 | 2.16 | 13.34 | 7.22 | 21.81 | 23.26 | 3.59 | 11.78 | 7.71 |
| Flexural strength [MPa] | |||
| Group | Mean (MPa) | SD | 99% CI (mean) |
| 3D | 107 | 5.69 | 106.72 ± 12.52 |
| Hot-cured | 96.1 | 6.94 | 96.02 ± 14.27 |
| Cold-cured | 78.2 | 6.03 | 78.20 ± 12.43 |
| Tensile strength [MPa] | |||
| Group | Mean (MPa) | SD | 99% CI (mean) |
| 3D | 68.0 | 0.43 | 67.7–68.3 |
| Hot-cured | 64.1 | 4.50 | 59.8–68.4 |
| Cold-cured | 47.6 | 0.41 | 47.3–47.9 |
| Density [g/cm3] | |||
| Group | Mean (g/cm3) | ||
| 3D | 1.280 | ||
| Hot-cured | 1.185 | ||
| Cold-cured | 1.177 | ||
| Hardness [VHN] | |||
| Group | Mean (VHN) | SD | 99% CI (mean) |
| 3D | 21.39 | 0.68 | 20.1–22.7 |
| Hot-cured | 25.39 | 1.81 | 22.4–28.4 |
| Cold-cured | 17.66 | 1.28 | 15.0–20.3 |
| Impact strength [kJ/m2] | |||
| Group | Mean (kJ/m2) | SD | 99% CI (mean) |
| 3D | 11.4 | 2.98 | 5.2–17.6 |
| Hot-cured | 8.7 | 0.39 | 7.8–9.6 |
| Cold-cured | 9.2 | 1.49 | 5.9–12.5 |
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Szymlet, P.; Frąckiewicz, W.; Kwiatkowski, K.; Królikowski, M.; Palczewska-Komsa, M.; Kozak, M.; Sobiraj-Daba’n, A.; Sobolewska, E. In Vitro Mechanical Evaluation of Prosthodontic Dental Acrylics Fabricated by Conventional and Additive Techniques. Materials 2026, 19, 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071413
Szymlet P, Frąckiewicz W, Kwiatkowski K, Królikowski M, Palczewska-Komsa M, Kozak M, Sobiraj-Daba’n A, Sobolewska E. In Vitro Mechanical Evaluation of Prosthodontic Dental Acrylics Fabricated by Conventional and Additive Techniques. Materials. 2026; 19(7):1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071413
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzymlet, Paweł, Wojciech Frąckiewicz, Konrad Kwiatkowski, Marcin Królikowski, Mirona Palczewska-Komsa, Małgorzata Kozak, Alicja Sobiraj-Daba’n, and Ewa Sobolewska. 2026. "In Vitro Mechanical Evaluation of Prosthodontic Dental Acrylics Fabricated by Conventional and Additive Techniques" Materials 19, no. 7: 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071413
APA StyleSzymlet, P., Frąckiewicz, W., Kwiatkowski, K., Królikowski, M., Palczewska-Komsa, M., Kozak, M., Sobiraj-Daba’n, A., & Sobolewska, E. (2026). In Vitro Mechanical Evaluation of Prosthodontic Dental Acrylics Fabricated by Conventional and Additive Techniques. Materials, 19(7), 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19071413

