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Volume 18
Issue 9
10.3390/ma18092091
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Article

Synthesis and Osteoinductive Properties of Nanosized Lithium-Modified Calcium-Organic Frameworks

by
Daniel Vargas
1,
Daniel Peña
1,
Emma Whitehead
2,
Warren L. Grayson
2,
Benjamin P. Le Monnier
3,
Michael Tsapatsis
3,
Patricio Romero-Hasler
4,
Rocío Orellana
1,
Miguel Neira
1 and
Cristian Covarrubias
1,*
1
Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
2
Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
3
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
4
Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2025, 18(9), 2091; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18092091
Submission received: 7 March 2025 / Revised: 23 April 2025 / Accepted: 29 April 2025 / Published: 2 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Scale Bionic Materials: Interfacial Design, Effective Fabrication and Functional Application)
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Abstract

The development of biomaterials that enhance bone healing and integrate with native bone tissue has gained significant interest. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique surface properties and biocompatibility. While various bioactive element-incorporated MOFs have been studied, the osteogenic potential of lithium (Li)-modified MOFs remains largely unexplored. This study presents the synthesis and characterization of a nanosized calcium-based MOF incorporating Li⁺ ions to enhance osteoinductive properties. The MOFs were evaluated in vitro for apatite mineralization, degradation, ion release, protein adsorption, cell adhesion, viability, and osteogenic differentiation using pre-osteoblast cells. The synthesized MOFs promoted apatite formation under simulated physiological conditions, facilitated by their surface nucleation properties, controlled degradation, and sustained Li+ and Ca2+ ion release. Cytocompatibility assays confirmed excellent pre-osteoblast adhesion and viability. Furthermore, CaMOF nanoparticles stimulated osteogenic differentiation by enhancing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, even in the absence of osteogenic supplements. Among tested MOFs, Li/CaMOF exhibited the highest osteoinductive potential. These findings highlight lithium-modified MOFs as promising biomaterials for bone regeneration. However, further in vivo studies are necessary to assess their long-term stability, bone integration, and clinical applicability.
Keywords: metal-organic frameworks (MOFs); lithium; calcium; osteoinductive nanoparticles; bone regeneration metal-organic frameworks (MOFs); lithium; calcium; osteoinductive nanoparticles; bone regeneration
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MDPI and ACS Style

Vargas, D.; Peña, D.; Whitehead, E.; Grayson, W.L.; Le Monnier, B.P.; Tsapatsis, M.; Romero-Hasler, P.; Orellana, R.; Neira, M.; Covarrubias, C. Synthesis and Osteoinductive Properties of Nanosized Lithium-Modified Calcium-Organic Frameworks. Materials 2025, 18, 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18092091

AMA Style

Vargas D, Peña D, Whitehead E, Grayson WL, Le Monnier BP, Tsapatsis M, Romero-Hasler P, Orellana R, Neira M, Covarrubias C. Synthesis and Osteoinductive Properties of Nanosized Lithium-Modified Calcium-Organic Frameworks. Materials. 2025; 18(9):2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18092091

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vargas, Daniel, Daniel Peña, Emma Whitehead, Warren L. Grayson, Benjamin P. Le Monnier, Michael Tsapatsis, Patricio Romero-Hasler, Rocío Orellana, Miguel Neira, and Cristian Covarrubias. 2025. "Synthesis and Osteoinductive Properties of Nanosized Lithium-Modified Calcium-Organic Frameworks" Materials 18, no. 9: 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18092091

APA Style

Vargas, D., Peña, D., Whitehead, E., Grayson, W. L., Le Monnier, B. P., Tsapatsis, M., Romero-Hasler, P., Orellana, R., Neira, M., & Covarrubias, C. (2025). Synthesis and Osteoinductive Properties of Nanosized Lithium-Modified Calcium-Organic Frameworks. Materials, 18(9), 2091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18092091

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