Mechanical Properties and Elastic Modulus Prediction of Mixed Coal Gangue Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mixed Coal Gangue Concrete Mix Design
2.3. Test Method
- (1)
- Compressive strength
- (2)
- Axial compressive strength
- (3)
- Modulus of elasticity
3. Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Mixed Coal Gangue Concrete Test Results
3.1. Mechanical Test of Mixed Coal Gangue Concrete
3.2. The Relationship Between the Axial Compressive Strength of Mixed Coal Gangue Concrete and the Compressive Strength of Ordinary Concrete and the Coal Gangue Content
3.3. The Relationship Between Coal Gangue Content and Elastic Modulus
4. Predictive Model for the Elastic Modulus of Mixed Coal Gangue Concrete
5. Interaction Mechanism of Mixed Coal Gangue Aggregate–Cement Paste Matrix
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- Utilizing a blend of coal gangue as a substitute for coarse aggregate in the production of C20 strength concrete, it is observed that an increase in the coal gangue content does not markedly influence the concrete’s strength or its modulus of elasticity. However, substituting over 40% of the coarse aggregate in C30 strength concrete and more than 20% in C40 and C50 strength concrete significantly compromises both the modulus of elasticity and the compressive strength.
- (2)
- The superior grade of concrete exhibits a marked reduction in elastic modulus and compressive strength in mixed gangue concrete as the aggregate substitution rate escalates. Notably, when the mixed gangue content surpasses 40%, the compressive strength of C40 and C50 concrete diminishes by 11% and 17%, respectively. Upon reaching 100% admixture, the strength of C50 concrete diminishes by 35%, significantly below the designated strength. At the same admixture level, the elastic modulus of C30 concrete decreases by 3.5%; furthermore, C40 and C50 concrete exhibit a notable decline in strength at a 40–60% admixture, with a maximum decrease of 6%, and at 100% admixture, the elastic modulus is reduced by 10%.
- (3)
- Consider the correlation between the compressive strength and axial compressive strength of concrete with different coal gangue admixture contents and different concrete strength grades, and ordinary concrete. Establishing a regression equation between their mechanical properties will help in predicting and promoting the mechanical properties of coal gangue aggregate concrete.
- (4)
- Drawing on the correlation between the modulus of elasticity and the compressive strength of SCGA and RCGA concrete, alongside seven established formulas for determining the modulus of elasticity in recycled concrete, a refined equation for the modulus of elasticity in mixed coal gangue concrete was developed: . This equation significantly enhances the accuracy of predictions. Moreover, following an analysis of 158 datasets, this predictive model was further optimized, culminating in a more robust formula for calculating the modulus of elasticity of recycled aggregate: .
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Quartz | Kaolin | Pyrite | Limestone | Mica |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixed Coal Gangue | 53.39 | 26.41 | 5.59 | 9.79 | Minimal amount |
Materials | SiO2 | Fe2O3 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixed Coal Gangue | 42.31 | 25.69 | 23.28 | 2.69 | 0.7 | 0.69 |
Diameter (mm) | Bulk Density (kg/m3) | Apparent Density (g/cm3) | Water Absorption (%) | Crushing Index (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
5–25 | 1380 | 2.60 | 4.4 | 12.6 |
Diameter (mm) | Bulk Density (kg/m3) | Apparent Density (g/cm3) | Water Absorption (%) | Crushing Index (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
5–25 | 1560 | 2.72 | 1.1 | 11.2 |
Strength Grade | Sand Content (%) | W/Binder | Cement | Fly Ash | W | Sand | Mixed Coal Gangue | Cobble | Water Reducer | Silica Fume |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C20 | 41 | 0.5 | 280 | 80 | 180 | 763 | 1097 | 0 | 3.5 | — |
41 | 0.5 | 280 | 80 | 180 | 763 | 878 | 219 | 2.9 | — | |
41 | 0.5 | 280 | 80 | 180 | 763 | 658 | 439 | 2.7 | — | |
41 | 0.5 | 280 | 80 | 180 | 763 | 439 | 658 | 2.5 | — | |
41 | 0.5 | 280 | 80 | 180 | 763 | 219 | 878 | 2.3 | — | |
41 | 0.5 | 280 | 80 | 180 | 763 | 0 | 1097 | 2.1 | — | |
C30 | 40 | 0.4 | 347 | 100 | 180 | 721 | 1082 | 0 | 3.2 | — |
40 | 0.4 | 347 | 100 | 180 | 721 | 866 | 216 | 2.8 | — | |
40 | 0.4 | 347 | 100 | 180 | 721 | 649 | 433 | 2.6 | — | |
40 | 0.4 | 347 | 100 | 180 | 721 | 433 | 649 | 2.4 | — | |
40 | 0.4 | 347 | 100 | 180 | 721 | 216 | 866 | 2.2 | — | |
40 | 0.4 | 347 | 100 | 180 | 721 | 0 | 1082 | 2.0 | — | |
C40 | 39 | 0.35 | 412 | 80 | 170 | 698 | 1076 | 0 | 5.2 | — |
39 | 0.35 | 412 | 80 | 170 | 698 | 857 | 215 | 3.0 | — | |
39 | 0.35 | 412 | 80 | 170 | 698 | 644 | 430 | 2.8 | — | |
39 | 0.35 | 412 | 80 | 170 | 698 | 430 | 644 | 2.6 | — | |
39 | 0.35 | 412 | 80 | 170 | 698 | 215 | 857 | 2.4 | — | |
39 | 0.35 | 412 | 80 | 170 | 698 | 0 | 1076 | 2.2 | — | |
C50 | 38 | 0.31 | 450 | 70 | 165 | 671 | 1070 | 0 | 4.0 | 18 |
38 | 0.31 | 450 | 70 | 165 | 671 | 856 | 214 | 3.3 | 18 | |
38 | 0.31 | 450 | 70 | 165 | 671 | 640 | 428 | 3.1 | 18 | |
38 | 0.31 | 450 | 70 | 165 | 671 | 428 | 642 | 2.9 | 18 | |
38 | 0.31 | 450 | 70 | 165 | 671 | 214 | 856 | 2.7 | 18 | |
38 | 0.31 | 450 | 70 | 165 | 671 | 0 | 1067 | 2.5 | 18 |
Strength Grade | Mixed Coal Gangue Content (%) | Compressive Strength of Cube/fcu (MPa) | Axial Compressive Strength/fck (MPa) | Modulus of Elasticity/E (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
C20 | 100 | 26.4 | 15.85 | 27.2 |
80 | 28.5 | 17.04 | 26.9 | |
60 | 25.0 | 17.66 | 26.7 | |
40 | 27.4 | 19.53 | 26.5 | |
20 | 28.1 | 19.15 | 27.6 | |
0 | 24.9 | 17.33 | 26.1 | |
C30 | 100 | 28.3 | 17.08 | 30.5 |
80 | 28.8 | 16.59 | 30.8 | |
60 | 28.6 | 18.74 | 30.9 | |
40 | 32.6 | 19.69 | 31.3 | |
20 | 32.0 | 20.02 | 31.5 | |
0 | 31.9 | 22.58 | 31.8 | |
C40 | 100 | 35.7 | 15.37 | 32.6 |
80 | 35.8 | 16.59 | 33.1 | |
60 | 35.6 | 17.06 | 33.5 | |
40 | 38.3 | 20.67 | 33.8 | |
20 | 41.1 | 28.18 | 34.2 | |
0 | 42.9 | 30.75 | 34.9 | |
C50 | 100 | 36.6 | 16.38 | 33.4 |
80 | 42.6 | 18.31 | 34.2 | |
60 | 40.7 | 18.84 | 34.9 | |
40 | 46.6 | 24.07 | 35.2 | |
20 | 53.5 | 37.57 | 36.0 | |
0 | 56.2 | 39.75 | 37.1 |
Strength Grade | Mixed Coal Gangue Content (%) | fcu (MPa) | fck (MPa) | fc (MPa) | Yes/No | fc/fcu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C20 | 100 | 26.4 | 13.4 | 15.85 | Yes | 0.60 |
80 | 28.5 | 17.04 | Yes | 0.60 | ||
60 | 25 | 17.66 | Yes | 0.71 | ||
40 | 27.4 | 19.53 | Yes | 0.71 | ||
20 | 28.1 | 19.15 | Yes | 0.68 | ||
0 | 24.9 | 17.33 | Yes | 0.70 | ||
C30 | 100 | 28.3 | 20.1 | 17.08 | No | 0.60 |
80 | 28.8 | 16.59 | No | 0.58 | ||
60 | 28.6 | 18.74 | No | 0.66 | ||
40 | 32.6 | 19.69 | No | 0.60 | ||
20 | 32 | 20.02 | Yes | 0.63 | ||
0 | 31.9 | 22.58 | Yes | 0.71 | ||
C40 | 100 | 35.7 | 26.8 | 15.37 | No | 0.43 |
80 | 35.8 | 16.59 | No | 0.46 | ||
60 | 35.6 | 17.06 | No | 0.48 | ||
40 | 38.3 | 20.67 | No | 0.54 | ||
20 | 41.1 | 28.18 | Yes | 0.69 | ||
0 | 42.9 | 30.75 | Yes | 0.72 | ||
C50 | 100 | 36.6 | 32.4 | 16.38 | No | 0.45 |
80 | 42.6 | 18.31 | No | 0.43 | ||
60 | 40.7 | 18.84 | No | 0.46 | ||
40 | 46.6 | 24.07 | No | 0.52 | ||
20 | 53.5 | 37.57 | Yes | 0.70 | ||
0 | 56.2 | 39.75 | Yes | 0.71 |
Model | Expression | Proposer |
---|---|---|
Equation (6) | E = 7770fcu0.33 | Sri Ravindrarajah et al. [45] |
Equation (7) | E = 370fcu + 13100 | Dhir et al. [46] |
Equation (8) | E = 634.43fcu + 3057.6 | Dillmann et al. [47] |
Equation (9) | E = 378fcu + 8242 | Mellmann et al. [48] |
Equation (10) | Corinaldesi et al. [49] | |
Equation (11) | Xiao et al. [50] | |
Equation (12) | GB 50010-2002 |
Strength Grade | Mixed Coal Gangue Content (%) | Test Value (GPa) | Equation (6): E (GPa) | Equation (7): E (GPa) | Equation (8): E (GPa) | Equation (9): E (GPa) | Equation (10): E (GPa) | Equation (11): E (GPa) | Equation (12): E (GPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C20 | 100 | 27.2 | 22.77 | 22.87 | 19.81 | 18.22 | 24.42 | 26.89 | 28.45 |
80 | 26.9 | 23.35 | 23.65 | 21.14 | 19.02 | 25.05 | 27.72 | 29.26 | |
60 | 26.7 | 22.36 | 22.35 | 18.92 | 17.69 | 23.98 | 26.29 | 27.87 | |
40 | 26.5 | 23.05 | 23.24 | 20.44 | 18.60 | 24.72 | 27.30 | 28.85 | |
20 | 27.6 | 23.24 | 23.50 | 20.89 | 18.86 | 24.93 | 27.57 | 29.11 | |
0 | 26.1 | 22.33 | 22.31 | 18.85 | 17.65 | 23.95 | 26.24 | 27.83 | |
C30 | 100 | 30.5 | 23.30 | 23.57 | 21.01 | 18.94 | 24.99 | 27.65 | 29.19 |
80 | 30.8 | 23.43 | 23.76 | 21.33 | 19.13 | 25.14 | 27.84 | 29.37 | |
60 | 30.9 | 23.38 | 23.68 | 21.20 | 19.05 | 25.08 | 27.76 | 29.30 | |
40 | 31.3 | 24.41 | 25.16 | 23.74 | 20.56 | 26.20 | 29.15 | 30.63 | |
20 | 31.5 | 24.26 | 24.94 | 23.36 | 20.34 | 26.04 | 28.96 | 30.45 | |
0 | 31.8 | 24.23 | 24.90 | 23.30 | 20.30 | 26.01 | 28.93 | 30.42 | |
C40 | 100 | 32.6 | 25.15 | 26.31 | 25.71 | 21.74 | 27.00 | 30.09 | 31.53 |
80 | 33.1 | 25.17 | 26.35 | 25.77 | 21.77 | 27.03 | 30.12 | 31.55 | |
60 | 33.5 | 25.13 | 26.27 | 25.64 | 21.70 | 26.98 | 30.06 | 31.50 | |
40 | 33.8 | 25.74 | 27.27 | 27.36 | 22.72 | 27.64 | 30.80 | 32.20 | |
20 | 34.2 | 26.35 | 28.31 | 29.13 | 23.78 | 28.30 | 31.49 | 32.85 | |
0 | 34.9 | 26.72 | 28.97 | 30.27 | 24.46 | 28.71 | 31.90 | 33.24 | |
C50 | 100 | 33.4 | 25.36 | 26.64 | 26.28 | 22.08 | 27.23 | 30.34 | 31.77 |
80 | 34.2 | 26.66 | 28.86 | 30.08 | 24.34 | 28.64 | 31.83 | 33.17 | |
60 | 34.9 | 26.26 | 28.16 | 28.88 | 23.63 | 28.21 | 31.39 | 32.76 | |
40 | 35.2 | 27.46 | 30.34 | 32.62 | 25.86 | 29.51 | 32.67 | 33.96 | |
20 | 36 | 28.74 | 32.90 | 37.00 | 28.47 | 30.90 | 33.90 | 35.10 | |
0 | 37.1 | 29.21 | 33.89 | 38.71 | 29.49 | 31.41 | 34.32 | 35.49 |
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Qin, X.; Xu, Z.; Liu, M.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Yang, Z.; Ling, X. Mechanical Properties and Elastic Modulus Prediction of Mixed Coal Gangue Concrete. Materials 2025, 18, 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061240
Qin X, Xu Z, Liu M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Yang Z, Ling X. Mechanical Properties and Elastic Modulus Prediction of Mixed Coal Gangue Concrete. Materials. 2025; 18(6):1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061240
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin, Xipeng, Zhengyi Xu, Mingyu Liu, Yingying Zhang, Yixiang Wang, Zhongnian Yang, and Xianzhang Ling. 2025. "Mechanical Properties and Elastic Modulus Prediction of Mixed Coal Gangue Concrete" Materials 18, no. 6: 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061240
APA StyleQin, X., Xu, Z., Liu, M., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Yang, Z., & Ling, X. (2025). Mechanical Properties and Elastic Modulus Prediction of Mixed Coal Gangue Concrete. Materials, 18(6), 1240. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18061240