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Article

Metal-Coordinated Lignosulfonate Catalysts for the Selective Conversion of Hexose: Active Site and Reaction Medium

by
Luyu Chen
1,
Haoyu Zhang
1,
Yirong Feng
1,
Shuangfei Zhao
1,
Lili Zhao
2 and
Wei He
1,3,*
1
College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
2
Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2025, 18(24), 5584; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18245584
Submission received: 29 October 2025 / Revised: 4 December 2025 / Accepted: 9 December 2025 / Published: 12 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)
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Abstract

Sustainable lignosulfonate was employed as a key component for coordinating with various metal ions, affording metal-coordinated lignosulfonate catalysts (Hf-LigS) for hexose transformation. We first investigated the contribution of bare or tandem Lewis/Brønsted acid sites in each of the reaction steps. The results indicated that glucose isomerization was synergistically catalyzed by Lewis acid–base couple sites, and Brønsted acid sites were preferred for consecutive fructose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). DMSO and deep eutectic solvents enhanced the glucose dehydration and inhibited the isomerization reaction, leading to the formation of Levoglucosan (LGA) intermediate. Considering this, the Hf-LigS with moderate Lewis acid/base sites and Brønsted acid sites exhibited the best catalytic activity for hexose transformation, especially the isomerization reaction at high glucose concentration in ethanol (>20 wt%). This study established a fundamental understanding of the role of catalytic sites and solvent, guiding the selective transformation of hexose.
Keywords: lignosulfonat; acid site; glucose isomerization; hexose dehydration; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural lignosulfonat; acid site; glucose isomerization; hexose dehydration; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
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MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, L.; Zhang, H.; Feng, Y.; Zhao, S.; Zhao, L.; He, W. Metal-Coordinated Lignosulfonate Catalysts for the Selective Conversion of Hexose: Active Site and Reaction Medium. Materials 2025, 18, 5584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18245584

AMA Style

Chen L, Zhang H, Feng Y, Zhao S, Zhao L, He W. Metal-Coordinated Lignosulfonate Catalysts for the Selective Conversion of Hexose: Active Site and Reaction Medium. Materials. 2025; 18(24):5584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18245584

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Luyu, Haoyu Zhang, Yirong Feng, Shuangfei Zhao, Lili Zhao, and Wei He. 2025. "Metal-Coordinated Lignosulfonate Catalysts for the Selective Conversion of Hexose: Active Site and Reaction Medium" Materials 18, no. 24: 5584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18245584

APA Style

Chen, L., Zhang, H., Feng, Y., Zhao, S., Zhao, L., & He, W. (2025). Metal-Coordinated Lignosulfonate Catalysts for the Selective Conversion of Hexose: Active Site and Reaction Medium. Materials, 18(24), 5584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18245584

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