Next Article in Journal
The Use of Acoustic Emission to Determine the Safe Range of Operational Stresses of 3D-Printed ABS Polymer Components
Previous Article in Journal
Tensile Strength Characterization of Alkaline-Treated and Untreated Banana Fibres Using Weibull Statistics
Previous Article in Special Issue
Tribological Properties of Eutectic White Cast Iron with Directional and Non-Directional Microstructure
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Materials
Volume 18
Issue 21
10.3390/ma18214832
materials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

The Impact of Storage Conditions on the Gas-Forming Tendency of Moulds and Cores Made with Resole-Type Phenol Formaldehyde Resin

by
Artur Bobrowski
*,
Faustyna Woźniak
,
Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon
,
Hubert Ziętal
,
Kacper Januszek
and
Beata Grabowska
Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH University of Krakow, Reymonta 23, 30059 Krakow, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2025, 18(21), 4832; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18214832
Submission received: 25 August 2025 / Revised: 18 October 2025 / Accepted: 20 October 2025 / Published: 22 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achievements in Foundry Materials and Technologies)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The article presents the results of a study aimed at determining the impact of storage conditions on the gas-forming tendency of standard samples (cores) made from moulding sand using a two-component binder based on resole-type phenolic resin, cured with a dedicated ester mixture. The objective of the research was to determine the total volume of gases released as a result of contact between the cores or moulds and the high temperature of molten casting alloys, as well as the rate of gas release, which can influence the tendency for gas-related casting defects. Additionally, the influence of storage conditions on the gas-forming tendency of the samples was evaluated in terms of their environmental and occupational health impact, based on the emission of BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes), which serve as key indicators of the harmfulness of moulding and core sands to the surrounding environment.
Keywords: resole phenolic resin; gas emissions in foundry; BTEX compounds; mould and core storage conditions; alkaline phenolic no-bake (APNB) resole phenolic resin; gas emissions in foundry; BTEX compounds; mould and core storage conditions; alkaline phenolic no-bake (APNB)

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Bobrowski, A.; Woźniak, F.; Żymankowska-Kumon, S.; Ziętal, H.; Januszek, K.; Grabowska, B. The Impact of Storage Conditions on the Gas-Forming Tendency of Moulds and Cores Made with Resole-Type Phenol Formaldehyde Resin. Materials 2025, 18, 4832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18214832

AMA Style

Bobrowski A, Woźniak F, Żymankowska-Kumon S, Ziętal H, Januszek K, Grabowska B. The Impact of Storage Conditions on the Gas-Forming Tendency of Moulds and Cores Made with Resole-Type Phenol Formaldehyde Resin. Materials. 2025; 18(21):4832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18214832

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bobrowski, Artur, Faustyna Woźniak, Sylwia Żymankowska-Kumon, Hubert Ziętal, Kacper Januszek, and Beata Grabowska. 2025. "The Impact of Storage Conditions on the Gas-Forming Tendency of Moulds and Cores Made with Resole-Type Phenol Formaldehyde Resin" Materials 18, no. 21: 4832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18214832

APA Style

Bobrowski, A., Woźniak, F., Żymankowska-Kumon, S., Ziętal, H., Januszek, K., & Grabowska, B. (2025). The Impact of Storage Conditions on the Gas-Forming Tendency of Moulds and Cores Made with Resole-Type Phenol Formaldehyde Resin. Materials, 18(21), 4832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18214832

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop