Effect of Speciation Transformation of Cadmium (Cd) on P-Wave Velocity Under Moisture Regulation in Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Preparation of Soil Samples with Different Cd Sorption Levels
2.3. Preparation of Soil Samples with Different Moisture Contents
2.4. Acoustic Measurement Method
2.5. Eh and pH Determination Methods
2.6. Extraction Methods of Heavy Metal Forms
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Effect of Soil Moisture Content on P-Wave Velocity
3.2. Variation in P-Wave Velocity with Cd Concentration
3.3. Coupled Effect of Soil Moisture Content and Cd Adsorption Level on P-Wave Velocity
3.3.1. Speciation Transformation of Cd with Different Moisture Contents
3.3.2. Evolution of pH and Eh of Soil with Different Moisture Contents
3.3.3. Relationship Between pH and Eh and Ex Form of Cd in Soil
3.3.4. Relationship Between P-Wave Velocity and EX Contents
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- P-wave velocity is found to decrease with increasing soil moisture content. However, under the same moisture change conditions, the reduction in P-wave velocity in Cd-contaminated soil is more pronounced than in nearly uncontaminated soil. This observation suggests that factors in addition to the moisture content significantly influence the P-wave velocity;
- (2)
- An increase in soil moisture content facilitates the transformation of Cd from more stable forms (FMO, CAB, and ORB) to a less stable form (EX), thereby enhancing the ecological risk of Cd in the soil. The analysis of the transformation mechanism reveals that pH is highly significantly negatively correlated with the EX content, while Eh is highly significantly positively correlated with the EX content. These correlations indicate that pH and Eh changes are the primary drivers of Cd speciation transformation;
- (3)
- A significant correspondence exists between the EX content and the relative values of the P-wave velocity. The linear regression analysis demonstrates that the coefficients of determination (R2) for the fitted equations are consistently above 0.9 for the same adsorption amount, indicating a strong linear relationship. This finding provides a theoretical basis for utilizing P-wave velocity as an indicator for monitoring the soil EX content under fluctuating external moisture conditions;
- (4)
- The variation in P-wave velocity is influenced by the synergistic effects of moisture conditions and Cd levels in the soil. Changes in water content lead to the speciation transformation of Cd, causing the disintegration of pre-existing complexes and colloids and the disruption of microaggregates. These alterations result in increased soil porosity, which consequently contributes to a decrease in P-wave velocity.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | pH | Moisture Content (%) | Density (g/cm3) | CEC (cmol(+)/kg) | Organic Matter (g/kg) | Calcium Carbonate (g/kg) | Manganese Oxides (g/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
soil sample | 4.76 | 1.53 | 1.67 | 10.6 | 21.4 | 6.8 | 0.45 |
Group | Cd-0 | Cd-1 | Cd-2 | Cd-3 | Cd-4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expected Cd adsorption (mg/kg) | 0 | 300 | 450 | 600 | 700 |
Added Cd (NO3)2·4H2O(g) | 0 | 0.4940 | 0.7410 | 0.9880 | 1.1526 |
Measured Cd adsorption (mg/kg) | 0.21 | 273.29 | 435.41 | 556.04 | 629.43 |
Expected Moisture Content (%) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultra-pure water masses required (g) | 0 | 0.505 | 1.14 | 2.09 | 3.98 |
Measured moisture content (%) | 0.271 | 1.363 | 1.974 | 3.975 | 7.819 |
Groups | Parameter | EX | CAB | FMO | ORB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd-300 | pH | −0.96664 ** | 0.92749 * | 0.87717 | 0.93294 * |
Eh | 0.97352 ** | −0.93528 * | −0.88668 * | −0.88672 * | |
Cd-450 | pH | −0.97804 ** | 0.92588 ** | 0.92051 * | 0.92642 * |
Eh | 0.98773 ** | −0.97525 ** | −0.89654 * | −0.89462 * | |
Cd-600 | pH | −0.98955 ** | 0.94919 * | 0.84412 | 0.97743 ** |
Eh | 0.98874 ** | −0.95885 ** | −0.8437 | −0.99692 ** | |
Cd-700 | pH | −0.99149 ** | 0.96302 ** | 0.87504 | 0.98995 ** |
Eh | 0.98741 ** | −0.97572 ** | 0.83406 | −0.98382 ** |
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Fu, J.; Zhou, H.; Luo, Y.; Huang, B.; Qing, Z.; Yan, K.; Shi, Y. Effect of Speciation Transformation of Cadmium (Cd) on P-Wave Velocity Under Moisture Regulation in Soils. Materials 2025, 18, 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020416
Fu J, Zhou H, Luo Y, Huang B, Qing Z, Yan K, Shi Y. Effect of Speciation Transformation of Cadmium (Cd) on P-Wave Velocity Under Moisture Regulation in Soils. Materials. 2025; 18(2):416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020416
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Jun, Han Zhou, Yanjin Luo, Bian Huang, Zixuan Qing, Ke Yan, and Ying Shi. 2025. "Effect of Speciation Transformation of Cadmium (Cd) on P-Wave Velocity Under Moisture Regulation in Soils" Materials 18, no. 2: 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020416
APA StyleFu, J., Zhou, H., Luo, Y., Huang, B., Qing, Z., Yan, K., & Shi, Y. (2025). Effect of Speciation Transformation of Cadmium (Cd) on P-Wave Velocity Under Moisture Regulation in Soils. Materials, 18(2), 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020416