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Article

Engineered Highly Porous Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels with Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and Graphene Nanosheets for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering: Morphology, Water Sorption, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical Properties, and Biocompatibility

by
José Luis Aparicio-Collado
1,
Qiqi Zheng
1,
José Molina-Mateo
1,
Constantino Torregrosa Cabanilles
1,
Ana Vidaurre
1,2,
Ángel Serrano-Aroca
3,* and
Roser Sabater i Serra
1,2,4,*
1
Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain
2
Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 46022 València, Spain
3
Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 València, Spain
4
Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2023, 16(8), 3114; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083114
Submission received: 14 March 2023 / Revised: 12 April 2023 / Accepted: 13 April 2023 / Published: 15 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer-Based Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering)
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Abstract

Electroactive composite materials are very promising for musculoskeletal tissue engineering because they can be applied in combination with electrostimulation. In this context, novel graphene-based poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/polyvinyl alcohol (PHBV/PVA) semi-interpenetrated networks (semi-IPN) hydrogels were engineered with low amounts of graphene (G) nanosheets dispersed within the polymer matrix to endow them with electroactive properties. The nanohybrid hydrogels, obtained by applying a hybrid solvent casting–freeze-drying method, show an interconnected porous structure and a high water-absorption capacity (swelling degree > 1200%). The thermal characterization indicates that the structure presents microphase separation, with PHBV microdomains located between the PVA network. The PHBV chains located in the microdomains are able to crystallize; even more after the addition of G nanosheets, which act as a nucleating agent. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the degradation profile of the semi-IPN is located between those of the neat components, with an improved thermal stability at high temperatures (>450 °C) after the addition of G nanosheets. The mechanical (complex modulus) and electrical properties (surface conductivity) significantly increase in the nanohybrid hydrogels with 0.2% of G nanosheets. Nevertheless, when the amount of G nanoparticles increases fourfold (0.8%), the mechanical properties diminish and the electrical conductivity does not increase proportionally, suggesting the presence of G aggregates. The biological assessment (C2C12 murine myoblasts) indicates a good biocompatibility and proliferative behavior. These results reveal a new conductive and biocompatible semi-IPN with remarkable values of electrical conductivity and ability to induce myoblast proliferation, indicating its great potential for musculoskeletal tissue engineering.
Keywords: carbon-based nanocomposite; conductive cell substrate; semi-IPN hydrogel; graphene nanosheets; poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate); polyvinyl alcohol carbon-based nanocomposite; conductive cell substrate; semi-IPN hydrogel; graphene nanosheets; poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate); polyvinyl alcohol

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MDPI and ACS Style

Aparicio-Collado, J.L.; Zheng, Q.; Molina-Mateo, J.; Torregrosa Cabanilles, C.; Vidaurre, A.; Serrano-Aroca, Á.; Sabater i Serra, R. Engineered Highly Porous Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels with Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and Graphene Nanosheets for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering: Morphology, Water Sorption, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical Properties, and Biocompatibility. Materials 2023, 16, 3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083114

AMA Style

Aparicio-Collado JL, Zheng Q, Molina-Mateo J, Torregrosa Cabanilles C, Vidaurre A, Serrano-Aroca Á, Sabater i Serra R. Engineered Highly Porous Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels with Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and Graphene Nanosheets for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering: Morphology, Water Sorption, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical Properties, and Biocompatibility. Materials. 2023; 16(8):3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083114

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aparicio-Collado, José Luis, Qiqi Zheng, José Molina-Mateo, Constantino Torregrosa Cabanilles, Ana Vidaurre, Ángel Serrano-Aroca, and Roser Sabater i Serra. 2023. "Engineered Highly Porous Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels with Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and Graphene Nanosheets for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering: Morphology, Water Sorption, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical Properties, and Biocompatibility" Materials 16, no. 8: 3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083114

APA Style

Aparicio-Collado, J. L., Zheng, Q., Molina-Mateo, J., Torregrosa Cabanilles, C., Vidaurre, A., Serrano-Aroca, Á., & Sabater i Serra, R. (2023). Engineered Highly Porous Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels with Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and Graphene Nanosheets for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering: Morphology, Water Sorption, Thermal, Mechanical, Electrical Properties, and Biocompatibility. Materials, 16(8), 3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083114

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