The Influence of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Aging Performance of Polymer-Modified Binders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Aging Process in Bitumen
1.2. The Aging Process in Polymer-Modified Binders
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials and Characterization
2.2. Methods for the Preparation of Polymer-Nanomodified Binder (PNMB)
2.3. Characterization of Polymer-Nanomodified Binder
2.4. Study of the Short-Term Aging Process of Polymer-Nanomodified Binder: High-Temperature Characteristics
2.5. Study of the Long-Term Aging Process of Polymer-Nanomodified Binder: Low-Temperature and Fatigue and Characteristics
2.6. Study of the Microstructural Changes in Polymer-Nanomodified Binder
2.7. Study of the Relaxation Processes of Polymer-Nanomodified Binder
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Study of the Short-Term Aging Process of Polymer-Nanomodified Binder: High-Temperature Characteristics
3.2. Study of the Long-Term Aging Process of Polymer-Nanomodified Binder: Low-Temperature and Fatigue and Characteristics
3.3. Study of the Microstructural Changes in Polymer-Nanomodified Binder
3.4. Study of the Relaxation Processes of Polymer-Nanomodified Binder
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The introduction of single-walled carbon nanotubes into a polymer-modified binder increased the viscosity of the system. The increase in viscosity is explained by a decrease in the penetrating ability of bitumen due to the structuring of the system with carbon nanotubes. However, the entire viscosity of the PMB modified by carbon nanotubes meets the requirements of Superpave specifications ≤ 3 Pa·s, which does not require technological changes in the preparation of asphalt–concrete mixture.
- (2)
- The distribution of SWCNT is uniform. The dynamic viscosity of the samples taken from the upper and the lower parts differs by not more than 1%.
- (3)
- The test results of PMB modified by single-walled carbon nanotubes with any amount of added modifier showed improved characteristics of track formation and fatigue resistance compared to basic PMB. However, the recommended amount of SWCNT is 0.001%, SBS polymer is 3.5%, and waste industrial oil is 4% by mass of bitumen to ensure fatigue resistance, which improves the performance of the modified binder from PG (52-22) to PG (64-34).
- (4)
- According to infrared spectral analysis, the composition of PNMB No. 5 has less intensive changes in peak absorption, which leads to the conclusion that the introduction of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a polymer-modified binder will contribute to the formation of a more stable structure.
- (5)
- It has been established that the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes slows the operational (long-term) aging process of polymer-modified binders and increases the durability parameter ∆Tc by 150%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Requirements of Russian State Standard 20799-88 | Actual Value |
---|---|---|
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, mm2/s | 61–75 | 75 |
Acid number, mg KOH per 1 g of oil | <0.05 | 0.035 |
Ash content, % | <0.005 | 0.004 |
Mass fraction of sulfur in oils from sulfurous oils, % | <1.1 | 0.9 |
Density at 20 °C, kg/m3 | <900 | 890 |
Flashpoint, °C | ≥220 | 242 |
Stability against oxidation: | ||
increment of acid number of oxidized oil, mg KOH per 1 g of oil | <0.40 | 0.35 |
increment of resin, % | <3.0 | 2.6 |
Solvent content in selective cleaning oils | non | non |
Properties | Actual Value | Method |
---|---|---|
Toluene solution viscosity 5.23%/25 °C, cSt | 14 ± 5 | ASTM D 445 |
Volatile matter, %m | ≤0.8 | ASTM D 5668 |
Ash content, %m | ≤0.3 | ASTM D 5667 |
Content of bound styrene, %m, | 30 ± 1.5 | Internal method of supplier |
Melt flow index, 200 °C/5 kg, g/10 min | <1 | ASTM D 1238 |
Flashpoint, °C | ≥220 | 237 |
Tensile strength, MPa | 15 | ASTM D 3182 |
Tensile stress at 300% elongation, MPa | 2.7 | ASTM D 3182 |
Relative elongation at break, % | 700 | ASTM D 3182 |
Name of Parameter | Requirements of Russian State Standard 58400.1-2019 | Actual Value |
---|---|---|
Originally bitumen | ||
Flashpoint, °C | ≥230 | 249 |
Dynamic viscosity, test temperature 135 °C | ≤3 Pa s | 0.83 |
Dynamic shear: G*/sin δ at 10 rad/s, at test temperature 52 °C | ≥1 kPa | 2.03 |
Bitumen aging by RTFOT | ||
Dynamic shear: G*/sin δ at 10 rad/s, at test temperature 52 °C | ≥2.2 kPa | 2.93 |
Bitumen aging by PAV | ||
Aging temperature by PAV, °C | 90 | 90 |
Fatigue resistance: G*·sin δ at 10 rad/s, at test temperature 19 °C | ≤5000 kPa | 546 |
Low-temperature stability: Stiffness, S, at −12 °C | ≤300 MPa | 154 |
Low-temperature stability: Creep, m, at −12 °C | ≥0.300 | 0.311 |
NMPB Number | Components of Polymer-Nanomodified Binder, % | Homogeneity of PNMB | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bitumen PG 52-16 | Waste Industrial Oil | SBS 30L 01 | SWCNT | ||
1 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 2.5 | - | yes |
2 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 0.001 | yes |
3 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 0.005 | yes |
4 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | - | yes |
5 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 0.001 | yes |
6 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 0.005 | yes |
7 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 4.5 | - | yes |
8 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 0.001 | yes |
9 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 0.005 | yes |
10 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 5.5 | - | no |
11 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 0.001 | no |
12 | 100.0 | 4.0 | 5.5 | 0.005 | no |
PNMB Number | Requirements of ASTM D6373 | Actual Value |
---|---|---|
1 | ≤3 Pa s | 0.99/- |
2 | ≤3 Pa s | 1.23/1.22 |
3 | ≤3 Pa s | 1.27/1.27 |
4 | ≤3 Pa s | 1.07/- |
5 | ≤3 Pa s | 1.57/1.57 |
6 | ≤3 Pa s | 1.59/1.59 |
7 | ≤3 Pa s | 1.09/- |
8 | ≤3 Pa s | 1.58/1.59 |
9 | ≤3 Pa s | 1.59/1.60 |
Name of Parameter | Russian State Standard 58400.1-2019 (PG 64-34) | No. 1 | No. 2 | No. 3 | No. 4 | No. 5 | No. 6 | No. 7 | No. 8 | No. 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Originally bitumen | ||||||||||
Dynamic shear: G*/sin δ at 10 rad/s, at test temperature 64 °C | ≥1 kPa | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 6.8 |
Continuous Grading Temperature, (PG X1) °C | - | 58 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 68.7 | 68.9 | 66 | 69.1 | 69.1 |
Bitumen aging by RTFOT | ||||||||||
Dynamic shear: | ||||||||||
G*/sin δ at 10 rad/s, at test temperature 64 °C | ≥2.2 kPa | 4.9 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.9 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 6.8 |
Continuous Grading Temperature, (PG X2) °C | - | 60.2 | 65.2 | 65.0 | 65.4 | 68.9 | 68.9 | 68.2 | 69.3 | 69.3 |
Bitumen aging by PAV | ||||||||||
Aging temperature by PAV, °C | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Fatigue resistance: G*·sin δ at 10 rad/s, at test temperature 19 °C | ≤5000 kPa | 660 | 795 | 799 | 875 | 1290 | 1270 | 905 | 1260 | 1295 |
Low-temperature stability: Stiffness, S, at −24 °C | ≤300 MPa | 150 | 162 | 165 | 205 | 218 | 220 | 211 | 223 | 225 |
Low-temperature stability: Creep, m value, at −24 °C | ≥0.300 | 0.355 | 0.357 | 0.358 | 0.325 | 0.357 | 0.358 | 0.314 | 0.323 | 0.328 |
Continuous Grading Temperature, (PG Y) °C | - | −28.4 | −30.1 | −31 | −34 | −37 | −37.4 | −35.3 | −37.5 | −37.6 |
PNMB | Jnr (kPa−1) | R (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.1 kPa | 3.2 kPa | Jnr % Diff | 0.1 kPa | 3.2 kPa | |
No. 4 | 3.247 | 3.635 | 9.5 | 0.60 | 0.26 |
No. 5 | 1.289 | 1.388 | 9.90 | 2.90 | 0.90 |
No. 6 | 1.275 | 1.384 | 10.20 | 2.90 | 0.90 |
No. 7 | 2.738 | 2.914 | 7.40 | 1.30 | 0.45 |
No. 8 | 1.265 | 1.384 | 10.20 | 2.97 | 0.96 |
No. 9 | 1.265 | 1.384 | 10.20 | 2.97 | 0.96 |
NMPB Number | Parameters of Evaluation of Relaxation Processes of PNMB | ||
---|---|---|---|
Tc(s) | Tc(m) | ∆Tc | |
No. 1 | −30.0 | −28.4 | −2.1 |
No. 2 * | −32.0 | −30.2 | −1.8 |
No. 3 ** | −32.6 | −31.0 | −1.6 |
No. 4 | −34.5 | −34.0 | −0.5 |
No. 5 * | −36.5 | −37.0 | 0.5 |
No. 6 ** | −36.9 | −37.4 | 0.5 |
No. 7 | −35.7 | −35.3 | −0.4 |
No. 8 * | 37.0 | −37.5 | 0.5 |
No. 9 ** | 37.1 | −37.6 | 0.5 |
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Obukhova, S.; Korolev, E.; Gladkikh, V. The Influence of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Aging Performance of Polymer-Modified Binders. Materials 2023, 16, 7534. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247534
Obukhova S, Korolev E, Gladkikh V. The Influence of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Aging Performance of Polymer-Modified Binders. Materials. 2023; 16(24):7534. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247534
Chicago/Turabian StyleObukhova, Svetlana, Evgeniy Korolev, and Vitaliy Gladkikh. 2023. "The Influence of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Aging Performance of Polymer-Modified Binders" Materials 16, no. 24: 7534. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247534